# MMO Coated Titanium Anodes (ti‑electrode.com)

> Manufacturer of MMO/DSA coated titanium anodes, including Ru‑Ir, Ir‑Ta, platinized titanium electrodes for chlor‑alkali, hypochlorite, wastewater, cathodic‑protection, electrolytic copper‑foil.

## Titanium Electroplating Consumables: DSA Anodes, Baskets, Racks & Coils
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/titanium-electroplating-consumables/
> Guide to titanium electroplating consumables: DSA/MMO anodes, anode baskets, plating racks & heating coils. Covers manufacturing, selection & maintenance for chrome, nickel, copper & gold plating.

### Titanium Electroplating Consumables: Complete Guide to DSA Anodes, Baskets, Racks & Heating Coils

### Introduction: Why Titanium Dominates Electroplating

Titanium and titanium alloys have become the standard substrate material for electroplating consumables worldwide. The combination of excellent corrosion resistance across a wide pH range, high strength-to-weight ratio, good electrical conductivity when properly prepared, and the fact that titanium does not contaminate plating baths makes commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti, Grades 1–2) the material of choice for anodes, anode baskets, racks, fixtures, and thermal management components in modern electroplating lines.

In acidic plating baths — such as hard chrome (chromic acid, CrO₃), acid copper (sulfuric acid), nickel sulfamate, and precious metal electrolytes — stainless steel and copper consumables corrode rapidly, introducing iron, nickel, and copper ions that degrade deposit quality and shorten bath life. Titanium forms a self-passivating TiO₂ oxide layer that resists attack by most plating chemistries, ensuring long service life and bath purity.

### Product Categories Overview

Titanium electroplating consumables fall into five major categories by function. Each serves a distinct electrochemical or mechanical purpose in the plating process.

| ategory | Primary Function | Coating / Treatment | Typical Service Life |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| DSA / MMO Coated Anodes | Insoluble anode for oxygen/chlorine evolution | Ir-Ta, Ru-Ir, or Pt coating | 2–5 years |
| Titanium Anode Baskets | Hold soluble anode metal (Ni, Cu, Sn) | None (bare CP-Ti) | 5 years |
| Plating Racks & Fixtures | Hold and electrically contact workpieces | Partial PVC / PTFE insulation | 2–5 years |
| Heating & Cooling Components | Bath temperature control (heat exchange) | None (bare CP-Ti) | 5–15 years |
| Base Materials & Semi-Finished | Raw material for fabricating above items | As-supplied (pickled / polished) | N/A |

#### Coated Titanium Insoluble Anodes (DSA / MMO Anodes)

Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA), also known as Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) anodes, consist of a titanium substrate (typically expanded mesh, plate, rod, or tube) coated with a thin layer of catalytically active precious metal oxides. The titanium base provides structural integrity and corrosion resistance, while the oxide coating provides the electrochemically active surface for oxygen or chlorine evolution reactions.

##### [Iridium-Tantalum](https://www.ti-electrode.com/iridium-tantalum-coated-titanium-anodes/) (Ir-Ta) Coated Anodes — Oxygen Evolution

Ir-Ta coated anodes are the industry standard for oxygen-evolving acidic environments. The coating, typically composed of 70% IrO₂ and 30% Ta₂O₅ by mole ratio, exhibits exceptional stability in sulfuric acid, chromic acid, and sulfamate electrolytes. Key applications include:

- **Hard chrome plating** (chromic acid baths, CrO₃ 200–400 g/L)
- **Decorative chrome plating**
- **Acid copper plating** (PCB and decorative)
- **Nickel plating** (Watts and sulfamate baths)
- **Gold and precious metal plating**
- **Anodizing of aluminum and titanium**
- **Electrowinning and electrorefining**

Typical coating loading ranges from **5 to 50 g/m²** of precious metal, with higher loadings (20–50 g/m²) specified for high current density or long-life requirements. The expected coating life is **3,000–10,000 Ah/m²** depending on operating conditions.

#####  Ruthenium-Iridium (Ru-Ir) Coated Anodes — Chlorine Evolution

[Ru-Ir coated anodes](https://www.ti-electrode.com/ruthenium-iridium-coated-titanium-anodes/) are optimized for **chlorine evolution in chloride-containing electrolytes**. The coating, typically a mixture of RuO₂, IrO₂, and TiO₂, provides lower chlorine evolution overpotential and superior stability in hydrochloric acid and chloride salt solutions. Applications include:

- **Chloride-based zinc plating**
- **Chloride copper plating**
- **Electrolytic chlorine generation** (hypochlorite production)
- **Seawater electrolysis and cathodic protection**
- **Chloride-based electrowinning**

##### Platinum-Plated Titanium Anodes (Pt-Ti)

[Platinum-plated titanium anodes](https://www.ti-electrode.com/about-platinum-coated-titanium-anode/) feature a thin layer of **electrodeposited platinum (0.5–5 μm)** on a titanium substrate. They offer the **highest purity** among insoluble anodes and are preferred for:

- **High-purity gold plating** (electronic and jewelry)
- **Rhodium and palladium plating**
- **Platinum group metal (PGM) plating**
- **Research and laboratory plating cells**

##### Common DSA Anode Geometries

| Geometry | Description | Typical Use |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Expanded Mesh Anode | Diamond-pattern expanded titanium sheet, coated both sides | Most common; uniform current distribution, high surface area |
| Perforated Plate Anode | Solid titanium plate with round or slotted holes | High current density, rigid mounting requirements |
| Rod / Wire Anode | Solid or hollow titanium rod, coated circumferentially | Through-hole plating, tubular parts, internal plating |
| Tube Anode | Seamless titanium tube, coated externally and/or internally | Conformal anode for complex geometries, ID plating |
| Louver / Blade Anode | Multiple parallel titanium blades on a common bus bar | High-aspect-ratio tanks, uniform throw distribution |

### Titanium Anode Baskets

**Titanium anode baskets** are **uncoated pure titanium mesh containers** designed to hold soluble anode materials — nickel balls, nickel chunks, copper balls, tin pellets, cobalt granules, or zinc shots — that dissolve during electrolysis to replenish metal ions in the plating bath. The titanium basket itself serves as the **current-carrying structural frame** and does not dissolve (it passivates), while the contained metal pieces are the actual soluble anode.

####  Construction Features

- **Mesh body:** Woven titanium wire mesh (typically 2–5 mm aperture) or expanded titanium mesh, providing electrolyte circulation while retaining anode material
- **Solid frame:** Titanium plate or angle stock frame for structural rigidity and current distribution
- **Conducting hook / lug:** Solid titanium rod or bar that hooks over the tank bus bar, often with a copper or brass insert for improved contact
- **Hinged or removable lid:** For easy loading of anode material
- **Anode bag:** Polypropylene (PP) or polypropylene felt sleeve that fits over the basket to contain sludge and fine particles, preventing bath contamination

#### Standard Basket Types

| Basket Type | Mesh Style | Typical Dimensions (W × H × D) | Application |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Standard Rectangular | Woven wire mesh | 100–200 × 300–600 × 30–80 mm | General rack plating (Ni, Cu, Sn) |
| Deep Basket | Woven wire mesh | 100–150 × 600–1200 × 40–80 mm | Deep tank plating, long parts |
| Round / Cylindrical | Woven or expanded mesh | Ø 80–200 × 300–800 mm | Barrel plating, small parts |
| Hook / J-Hook Basket | Expanded mesh | Custom | Manual plating lines, portable |
| Double Compartment | Woven mesh with divider | Custom | Mixed anode materials, alloy plating |

### Titanium Plating Racks & Fixtures

**Titanium plating racks** (also called plating jigs or plating fixtures) are custom-fabricated assemblies that hold workpieces during the plating process and provide **electrical contact** to carry cathodic current. Titanium racks are preferred over steel or copper racks in aggressive plating environments because they resist corrosion, do not contaminate baths, and can be stripped and reused many times.

#### Rack Construction Components

- **Main rod / spine:** Solid titanium rod (Ø 6–20 mm) or titanium bar that forms the backbone of the rack and carries the main current
- **Cross bars / branches:** Titanium rods welded perpendicular to the main spine, distributing current to individual contact points
- **Contact tips / hooks:** Titanium wire hooks, spring clips, or custom-shaped contacts that physically hold and electrically connect the workpiece
- **Insulation coating:** PVC, PTFE (Teflon), or polyethylene coating applied to all non-contact surfaces to prevent metal deposition on the rack itself and to direct current to the workpiece
- **Top hook / bus bar contact:** Titanium or copper-titanium bimetallic hook that rests on the tank cathode bus bar

#### Common Rack Types

| Rack Type | Design Feature | Suitable Workpieces |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Single-Point Hook Rack | Individual wire hooks on cross bars | Parts with holes, loops, or hangable features |
| Spring Clip Rack | Spring-loaded titanium clips | Flat parts, stamped parts, sheet metal |
| Pin / Peg Rack | Titanium pins that insert into part holes | Threaded parts, bushings, rings, connectors |
| Custom Formed Rack | 3D-formed titanium wire matching part geometry | Complex castings, forgings, irregular shapes |
| Rotary / Barrel Rack | Cylindrical titanium cage for tumble plating | Small parts, fasteners, electronic components |

#### Titanium vs. Copper Racks

While copper racks offer higher electrical conductivity (~59.6 × 10⁶ S/m vs. titanium's ~2.38 × 10⁶ S/m), titanium racks provide decisive advantages in many plating scenarios:

- **Corrosion resistance:** Titanium racks survive acid pickling, activation, and stripping cycles that would dissolve copper racks
- **Bath purity:** No copper ion contamination in non-copper plating baths
- **Reusability:** Titanium racks can be stripped and recoated with insulation 5–20 times, vs. 2–5 times for copper
- **Weight:** Titanium is ~45% lighter than copper, reducing operator fatigue and hoist load

For very high-current applications (> 500 A per rack), a **copper-core titanium-clad** main rod may be specified to combine copper's conductivity with titanium's corrosion resistance.

### Titanium Heating & Cooling Components

Maintaining precise bath temperature (±1–2°C) is critical for consistent plating quality, deposit brightness, and bath stability. **Titanium heating tubes and cooling coils** are the standard heat exchange components for aggressive plating baths where stainless steel, copper, or PTFE exchangers fail due to corrosion, contamination, or low heat transfer efficiency.

#### Product Types

- **Titanium heating tubes (electric immersion heaters):** Titanium-sheathed electric immersion heaters with internal resistance heating elements. Available in 1–50 kW ratings, 110–480 V. Used for direct bath heating in chrome, nickel, copper, and acid baths.
- **Titanium steam heating coils:** Coiled or serpentine titanium tubes through which saturated steam is circulated. Higher heat transfer rate than electric; common in large production tanks.
- **Titanium water cooling coils:** Similar coil geometry, circulated with chilled water or glycol solution for bath cooling in exothermic processes (e.g., electropolishing, high-current plating).
- **Titanium shell-and-tube heat exchangers:** For indirect heating/cooling where the heat transfer medium must not contact the plating solution directly.
- **Titanium overflow weirs and launders:** Titanium troughs and channels for solution transfer, filtration loops, and cascade systems.

#### Material Specifications for Heating Applications

| Parameter | Specification |
| --- | --- |
| Titanium Grade | TA2 (Grade 2) standard; TA1 (Grade 1) for maximum formability |
| Tube Wall Thickness | 1.0–2.0 mm (heating coils); 1.5–3.0 mm (pressure vessels) |
| Tube Diameter (OD) | Ø 8–50 mm (coils); Ø 25–100 mm (headers) |
| Maximum Operating Temperature | ~250°C (steam service); ~120°C (electric immersion) |
| Maximum Operating Pressure | ~1.0 MPa (coils); ASME BPVC compliant designs available |
| Surface Finish | Pickled (standard); polished (for precious metal / high-purity baths) |

### Titanium Base Materials & Semi-Finished Goods

All fabricated titanium consumables start as semi-finished base materials. Understanding these forms helps when specifying custom fabrications and evaluating supplier capabilities.

- **Titanium expanded mesh:** Produced by slitting and stretching titanium sheet (0.5–3.0 mm thick) into a diamond-pattern mesh. The most common substrate for DSA anodes and anode baskets. Standard diamond sizes: 3×6 mm, 5×10 mm, 10×20 mm.
- **Titanium woven wire mesh:** Woven from titanium wire (Ø 0.2–2.0 mm) in plain or twill weave. Used for fine-mesh anode baskets, filter screens, and current distribution screens. Standard mesh counts: 4–40 mesh.
- **Titanium plate / sheet:** 0.3–50 mm thick, used for perforated anodes, basket frames, tank liners, and structural components.
- **Titanium rod / bar:** Ø 3–100 mm, used for rack spines, anode rods, conducting hooks, and machined components.
- **Titanium tube / pipe:** Seamless or welded, Ø 6–150 mm OD, used for tube anodes, heating coils, and cooling manifolds.
- **Titanium wire:** Ø 0.5–6.0 mm, used for rack contact hooks, wire mesh weaving, and tying applications.

### Manufacturing Process Flow

The manufacturing of titanium electroplating consumables involves a combination of **metal fabrication** and, for DSA anodes, **specialized coating application**. Below is the detailed process flow for each major product type.

#### DSA / MMO Coated Anode Manufacturing

The production of coated titanium anodes is a precision multi-step process where coating quality directly determines anode performance and lifespan.

- **Substrate Fabrication:** Cut titanium expanded mesh, plate, rod, or tube to specified dimensions. Weld conducting rods, lugs, or bus bar connectors using tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding with titanium filler wire (ERTi-1 or ERTi-2). All welding must be performed under inert argon shielding to prevent oxygen/nitrogen contamination (embrittlement).
- **Surface Preparation — Degreasing:** Ultrasonic or immersion cleaning in alkaline degreaser (e.g., sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate) at 60–80°C for 10–30 minutes to remove rolling oils, machining lubricants, and organic contaminants. Rinse with deionized (DI) water.
- **Surface Preparation — Acid Pickling (Etching):** Immerse in a mixed acid solution of **hydrofluoric acid (HF) + nitric acid (HNO₃)** (typical ratio: 2–5% HF + 20–40% HNO₃, balance water) at 25–50°C for 1–10 minutes. This removes the native TiO₂ oxide layer and creates a micro-rough surface profile (Ra 1–5 μm) that promotes coating adhesion. The etched surface should have a uniform matte gray appearance. Rinse immediately with DI water and dry.
- **Coating Solution Preparation:** Dissolve precious metal precursors — chloroiridic acid (H₂IrCl₆), tantalum chloride (TaCl₅) or tantalum ethoxide, ruthenium chloride (RuCl₃), tetrabutyl titanate — in a solvent mixture (n-butanol, isopropanol, or hydrochloric acid-ethanol). The solution concentration and metal ratio are precisely controlled to achieve the target coating composition (e.g., 70 mol% IrO₂ / 30 mol% Ta₂O₅).
- **Coating Application — Brushing / Spraying:** Apply the coating solution to the prepared titanium surface using hand brushing (for small/custom parts), air spraying (for large flat areas), or dip coating (for rods/tubes). Each application deposits a thin wet film. Excess solution is removed to ensure uniform coverage.
- **Drying:** Dry the coated part at 80–120°C for 5–15 minutes in a forced-air oven to evaporate solvent without blistering.
- **Thermal Decomposition (Sintering):** Heat in a muffle furnace at **450–550°C** for 5–15 minutes. At this temperature, the metal chloride/alkoxide precursors decompose and oxidize to form the mixed metal oxide coating (IrO₂, Ta₂O₅, RuO₂, TiO₂) bonded to the titanium substrate. The furnace atmosphere must be clean air (no organic vapors, no reducing gases).
- **Repeat Coating Cycles:** Steps 5–7 are repeated **10–30 times** to build up the target coating loading (typically 8–25 g/m² of precious metal). Each cycle adds approximately 0.5–1.5 g/m². Intermediate visual inspection ensures uniform coverage.
- **Final Sintering:** After the final coating layer, perform an extended sintering at 480–520°C for 30–60 minutes to fully crystallize the oxide coating and ensure complete decomposition of residual precursors.
- **Quality Inspection & Testing:**
 Visual inspection: Uniform dark gray/black coating, no bare spots, no flaking, no cracks beyond acceptable micro-crack network
Coating loading verification: X-ray fluorescence (XRF) or gravimetric analysis on witness coupons
Electrochemical testing: Accelerated life test (ALT) in simulated bath at elevated current density (e.g., 2 A/cm² in 0.5 M H₂SO₄) to estimate service life; potential measurement to verify coating activity
Adhesion test: Tape test or bend test to verify coating-substrate bond
- **Packaging:** Wrap in acid-free paper, label with coating type, loading, dimensions, and serial number. Store in dry environment away from reducing agents and organic solvents.

#### Titanium Anode Basket Manufacturing

- **Material cutting:** Cut titanium woven mesh or expanded mesh to size using shearing, waterjet, or laser cutting. Cut titanium plate/angle for frame components.
- **Forming:** Bend mesh into rectangular, cylindrical, or custom shapes using press brakes or rolling machines. Bend frame stock to match basket perimeter.
- **Welding:** TIG weld all seams and frame joints. Mesh-to-frame attachment uses spot welding or continuous seam welding. Conducting hook/lug is welded to the top frame with full penetration.
- **Grinding & deburring:** Remove weld spatter, sharp edges, and burrs using abrasive belts, files, or vibratory finishing. Ensure no sharp points that could puncture anode bags.
- **Pickling & passivation:** Immerse in HF-HNO₃ mixed acid to remove weld discoloration (heat-affected zone oxide) and restore uniform corrosion resistance. Rinse with DI water. This step is critical — weld areas without pickling are susceptible to localized corrosion.
- **Inspection:** Verify dimensions, weld integrity (pressure or dye penetrant test for critical baskets), mesh aperture uniformity, and conducting hook alignment.
- **Anode bag fitting (optional):** Sew or fit a PP/polypropylene felt anode bag to the basket dimensions.

#### Titanium Plating Rack Manufacturing

- **Design & prototyping:** Based on workpiece drawings, design rack layout including contact point positions, current density distribution, and part spacing. 3D CAD modeling recommended. Prototype for first-article approval.
- **Material preparation:** Cut titanium rod (main spine, cross bars) and titanium wire (contact hooks) to length. Straighten wire if needed.
- **Forming:** Bend contact hooks, spring clips, and custom contacts to match workpiece geometry using CNC wire bending or manual fixturing.
- **Welding:** TIG weld cross bars to main spine, and contact points to cross bars. Weld quality is critical — poor welds cause high resistance, localized heating, and eventual failure. Welds must be smooth (no crevices where plating can trap).
- **Grinding & polishing:** Smooth all welds and surfaces. Contact tips should be polished to ensure good electrical contact with workpiece.
- **Masking of contact areas:** Apply high-temperature tape or silicone caps to all contact points that must remain uncoated (exposed titanium for electrical contact).
- **Insulation coating application:**
 PVC coating: Preheat rack to 200–250°C, dip into a fluidized PVC (polyvinyl chloride) powder bed, then post-cure at 180–200°C for 15–30 minutes. Coating thickness: 0.3–1.0 mm. Multiple dips for thicker coating.
PTFE coating: Spray PTFE dispersion, cure at 360–380°C. Superior chemical resistance but more expensive and thinner (20–50 μm per coat).
- **Unmasking & touch-up:** Remove masking from contact points. Touch up any coating defects (pinholes, thin spots) with liquid PVC or PTFE repair compound.
- **Spark test (holiday detection):** Apply 5–15 kV DC to the rack surface (with contact points grounded) to detect pinholes or thin spots in the insulation coating. Any spark indicates a defect requiring repair.
- **Final inspection:** Verify contact point alignment, insulation integrity, workpiece fit, and current-carrying capacity (resistance measurement between bus bar hook and each contact point should be < 5 mΩ).

#### Titanium Heating Coil Manufacturing

- **Tube selection & inspection:** Select seamless titanium tube (Grade 2) with certified mill test report (MTR). Verify wall thickness with ultrasonic testing, check for surface defects.
- **Tube bending:** Cold-bend titanium tube into coil or serpentine geometry using CNC tube benders with mandrel support to prevent wall thinning and ovality. Minimum bend radius: typically 3–5 × tube OD. For tight radii, hot bending at 300–400°C may be required.
- **End preparation:** Cut tube ends square, bevel for welding, or thread for pipe connections. Weld on titanium flanges, threaded adapters, or compression fittings.
- **Welding:** TIG weld all joints under argon purge (both internal and external shielding). Use ERTi-2 filler. Welds must be full penetration with convex or flush profile (no concave crevices).
- **Heat treatment (optional):** Stress-relief anneal at 480–520°C for 30–60 minutes to reduce residual stresses from bending, improving resistance to stress corrosion cracking in chloride environments.
- **Pickling & passivation:** HF-HNO₃ pickling to remove weld discoloration and restore corrosion resistance. Final passivation in 20–30% HNO₃ at 40–50°C for 30–60 minutes.
- **Pressure testing:** Hydrostatic pressure test at 1.5 × maximum working pressure for 30 minutes. No leakage, no permanent deformation. For electric immersion heaters, perform hipot (dielectric withstand) test and insulation resistance test (> 100 MΩ at 500 V DC).
- **Final inspection & certification:** Dimensional verification, surface inspection, pressure test certificate, material traceability documentation.

### Selection Guide by Plating Application

Selecting the correct titanium consumable for a specific plating process requires matching the product's electrochemical and mechanical properties to the bath chemistry, operating conditions, and quality requirements. The following table provides a comprehensive selection matrix.

#### Anode Selection Matrix

| Plating Process | Bath Chemistry | Recommended Anode Type | Coating Loading | Max Current Density | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hard Chrome | CrO₃ 200–400 g/L, H₂SO₄ catalyst | Ir-Ta coated DSA (mesh or louver) | 15–25 g/m² | 30–75 A/dm² | Replaces lead anodes; higher efficiency, no lead contamination |
| Decorative Chrome | CrO₃ 150–250 g/L | Ir-Ta coated DSA mesh | 10–15 g/m² | 10–25 A/dm² | Uniform current distribution critical for brightness |
| Acid Copper (PCB) | CuSO₄·5H₂O, H₂SO₄, Cl⁻ | Ir-Ta coated DSA mesh (insoluble) OR Ti basket with Cu balls (soluble) | 10–15 g/m² (DSA) | 5–40 A/dm² | DSA preferred for high-throw PCB; soluble Cu for decorative |
| Alkaline Copper | CuCN, NaCN, NaOH (cyanide) | Steel or copper anode (titanium not standard) | N/A | 1–5 A/dm² | Titanium passivates in cyanide; use copper anodes |
| Watts Nickel | NiSO₄, NiCl₂, H₃BO₃ | Ti anode basket + Ni balls / Ni chunks | N/A (bare Ti) | 2–10 A/dm² | Use anode bags; maintain Ni:Cl ratio for uniform dissolution |
| Nickel Sulfamate | Ni(NH₂SO₃)₂, H₃BO₃ | Ti anode basket + Ni S-rounds / Ni chips | N/A (bare Ti) | 2–15 A/dm² | Low-stress deposits; use sulfur-free nickel anode material |
| Electroless Nickel | NiSO₄, NaH₂PO₂, organic complexing agents | Stainless steel or Ti basket (for replenishment only) | N/A | N/A (no current) | Titanium used for heater tubes and tank liners; not as anode |
| Gold Plating (acid) | KAu(CN)₂, citric/phosphoric acid | Pt-plated Ti anode OR Ir-Ta DSA | Pt: 1–5 μm; DSA: 8–12 g/m² | 0.5–3 A/dm² | High purity required; Pt-Ti preferred for critical electronic parts |
| Gold Plating (neutral/alkaline) | KAu(CN)₂, phosphate buffer, KOH | Stainless steel 316L OR Pt-plated Ti | Pt: 1–5 μm | 0.5–2 A/dm² | Avoid DSA in alkaline cyanide; coating may degrade |
| Silver Plating | AgCN, KCN, K₂CO₃ (cyanide) | Silver anode (titanium not recommended) | N/A | 0.5–5 A/dm² | Titanium passivates in cyanide silver baths |
| Tin Plating (acid) | SnSO₄, H₂SO₄, phenolsulfonic acid | Ti anode basket + tin pellets / tin bars | N/A (bare Ti) | 1–8 A/dm² | Use fine-mesh basket (≤2 mm) to retain small tin pellets |
| Tin-Lead Solder | Sn(BF₄)₂, Pb(BF₄)₂, HBF₄ | Ti anode basket + Sn-Pb alloy bars | N/A (bare Ti) | 1–5 A/dm² | Ensure basket material compatible with fluoroborate acid |
| Zinc Plating (acid chloride) | ZnCl₂, KCl, H₃BO₃ | Ru-Ir coated DSA OR Ti basket + Zn shots | Ru-Ir: 8–12 g/m² | 1–8 A/dm² | Chloride environment; Ru-Ir outperforms Ir-Ta |
| Zinc Plating (alkaline) | ZnO, NaOH, cyanide-free | Steel or zinc anode (titanium not standard) | N/A | 1–5 A/dm² | Titanium passivates in strong alkaline (NaOH > 100 g/L) |
| Rhodium Plating | Rh₂(SO₄)₃, H₂SO₄ | Pt-plated Ti anode (platinum or Pt-Ir) | Pt: 2–5 μm | 0.5–3 A/dm² | Extremely high purity; DSA not suitable (contamination risk) |
| Palladium Plating | Pd(NH₃)₂Cl₂, NH₄OH, EDTA | Pt-plated Ti anode OR Pd anode | Pt: 2–5 μm | 0.5–2 A/dm² | Ammoniacal alkaline; verify titanium compatibility |
| Aluminum Anodizing | H₂SO₄ 150–200 g/L (Type II); chromic acid (Type I) | Ir-Ta coated DSA (lead replacement) OR 3003 Al cathode | 10–20 g/m² | 10–30 A/dm² | DSA replaces lead cathodes in anodizing; the Al workpiece is the anode |
| Electropolishing | H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄, glycerol (various) | Ti cathode (bare) OR lead cathode | N/A (bare Ti as cathode) | 10–100 A/dm² | Titanium used as cathode (workpiece is anode); excellent corrosion resistance |

#### Rack Selection Considerations

| Factor | Consideration | Guideline |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Current per rack | Total current = parts × area per part × current density | Main spine: 1 mm² per 5–8 A (Ti); use Cu-core Ti for > 300 A |
| Part spacing | Prevent part-to-part arcing and shadowing | Minimum 25–50 mm between parts; 50–100 mm for high-current |
| Contact method | Ensure reliable electrical contact without damaging part | Spring clips for flat parts; hooks for holes; pins for threaded parts |
| Insulation material | Resistance to bath chemistry and temperature | PVC: < 80°C, general acid; PTFE: > 80°C, strong acid/solvent |
| Rack stripping | Accumulated plating on contact points must be removed periodically | Chemical stripping (nitric acid for Ni/Cu; cyanide stripper for Au/Ag) |
| Weight capacity | Rack must support workpiece weight without bending | Calculate deflection; use larger spine or cross-bracing for heavy parts |

#### Heating/Cooling Sizing Guide

To size a titanium heating coil or electric heater, use the following heat balance equation:
Heat Required (kW) =

_Typical specific heat of plating solutions: 3,500–4,200 J/L·°C (≈ water). Heat losses: 0.5–2 kW per m² of tank surface area (uninsulated), reduce by 50–70% with insulation._

- **Heat-up time target:** 1–4 hours from ambient to operating temperature
- **Steam coil sizing:** 0.1–0.3 m² of coil surface area per kW of heat duty (condensing steam at 100–150°C)
- **Electric immersion:** 1–5 W/cm² of sheath surface area (max 8 W/cm² for titanium in well-agitated baths)
- **Cooling coil:** Size for maximum exothermic heat load; typically 0.2–0.5 m² per kW with chilled water at 5–15°C

### Usage, Installation & Maintenance Best Practices

#### DSA Anode Installation & Operation

- **Pre-installation inspection:** Verify coating type, dimensions, and coating loading against purchase specification. Inspect for shipping damage (scratches, flaking, bent mesh). Do not install damaged anodes — contact supplier for replacement.
- **Handling:** Handle coated surfaces with clean gloves. Never touch the active coating surface with bare hands — skin oils and salts can cause localized coating failure. Do not slide coated surfaces against tank walls or other metal objects.
- **Mounting:** Secure anode to tank bus bar using the titanium conducting lug or copper-titanium bimetallic connector. Ensure clean, tight electrical contact — clean bus bar and lug surfaces with abrasive paper before mounting. Loose connections cause resistive heating, voltage drop, and accelerated coating degradation.
- **Anode-cathode spacing:** Maintain uniform anode-cathode (A-C) distance across the tank. Typical A-C spacing: 100–300 mm for rack plating, 50–150 mm for high-speed plating. Non-uniform spacing causes uneven current distribution and coating thickness variation on workpieces.
- **Polarity verification:** Before energizing, verify that the DSA anode is connected to the **positive (+) terminal** of the rectifier and the workpiece/rack to the negative (−). Reverse polarity will destroy the coating in seconds to minutes.
- **Current density control:** Operate within the manufacturer's recommended current density range. Exceeding the maximum rated current density accelerates coating dissolution and shortens life. Typical operating range: 0.5–5 A/dm² (general plating), up to 30–75 A/dm² for hard chrome with high-loading coating.
- **Bath chemistry monitoring:** Maintain bath composition within specification. Key parameters that affect DSA life:
 F⁻ concentration: < 10 ppm (fluoride attacks TiO₂ passivation layer and coating)
Cl⁻ concentration: within bath specification (excess chloride causes pitting)
Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺ contamination: can plate onto anode surface and deactivate coating
pH: maintain within recommended range (acidic baths: pH 0–4)
- **Shutdown procedure:** When shutting down the line for extended periods (> 8 hours), remove anodes from the bath, rinse with DI water, and store dry. Do not leave DSA anodes submerged in stagnant, unheated, or contaminated solution — this can cause coating degradation and titanium substrate pitting.

#### [Titanium Anode Basket](https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/titanium-anode-basket/) Maintenance

- **Anode material loading:** Fill basket to 80–90% capacity. Do not overfill — expansion during dissolution can damage the basket or cause bridging. Use appropriate anode form: balls (Ø 10–50 mm), chunks, pellets, or S-rounds.
- **Anode bag maintenance:** Inspect anode bags weekly for tears, clogging, or excessive sludge buildup. Replace or clean bags every 1–3 months. Clogged bags increase resistance, reduce current efficiency, and cause uneven dissolution.
- **Basket cleaning:** Every 3–6 months, remove baskets from the tank, empty remaining anode material, and clean:
 Rinse with water to remove loose sludge
Soak in 10–20% HCl or H₂SO₄ for 30–60 minutes to dissolve accumulated metal deposits
Scrub gently with nylon brush (do not use steel wool — iron contamination)
Rinse with DI water, dry
- **Inspection:** Check baskets for corrosion (pitting, thinning), mesh damage (tears, stretched openings), weld integrity, and conducting hook condition. Replace baskets showing > 20% wall thinning or perforations.
- **Electrical contact:** Clean basket hook and bus bar contact surfaces regularly. Oxide buildup increases resistance and causes heating. Light abrasion with Scotch-Brite or 320-grit sandpaper, then wipe clean.

#### Titanium Plating Rack Maintenance

- **Daily inspection:** Check racks for damaged insulation (cracks, chips, blisters), bent or broken contacts, and loose welds. Damaged insulation causes unwanted plating on the rack, wasting metal and causing current leakage.
- **Contact point cleaning:** Contact tips accumulate plating deposit over time, increasing contact resistance. Strip deposits periodically:
 Nickel/copper deposits: soak in 50% HNO₃ at 40–50°C until dissolved (10–30 min)
Gold/silver deposits: cyanide-based stripper (follow safety protocols)
Chrome deposits: reverse electrolysis in 10% NaOH or proprietary chrome stripper
- **Insulation repair:** Small defects in PVC insulation can be repaired with liquid PVC dip coating or PVC repair tape. For PTFE-coated racks, use PTFE repair compound. Large-area damage requires full recoating.
- **Spark testing:** Perform holiday detection (spark test) on racks every 3–6 months or after any repair. Apply 5–15 kV DC; any sparking indicates a pinhole or thin spot requiring repair.
- **Rack rotation:** Implement a rack rotation schedule to distribute wear. Have 2–3 sets of racks per part type, allowing one set to be stripped/cleaned/repaired while others are in production.
- **Storage:** Store racks in clean, dry racks or carts. Do not stack racks — contact points can be damaged and insulation can be scratched. Hang racks by the main hook when not in use.

#### Titanium Heating & Cooling Maintenance

- **Scale removal:** Titanium heating surfaces accumulate mineral scale (calcium, magnesium salts) and plating sludge over time, reducing heat transfer efficiency. Clean periodically:
 Mild scale: soak in 10–15% citric acid or sulfamic acid at 40–60°C for 1–4 hours
Heavy scale: 10–20% HCl with inhibitor (avoid HF — attacks titanium)
Rinse thoroughly with DI water after acid cleaning
- **External inspection:** Inspect heating coils/tubes for pitting, corrosion, discoloration, or physical damage. Pay special attention to weld joints and U-bends — these are common failure points.
- **Internal inspection (steam/water coils):** For shell-and-tube or long-run coils, inspect internal surfaces for corrosion product buildup. Use borescope inspection for inaccessible areas. Flush internal circuits with descaling solution annually.
- **Electric heater maintenance:**
 Check sheath integrity for cracks or pinholes (leakage current test)
Verify thermostat calibration annually
Inspect electrical connections for overheating (discoloration, melted insulation)
Test ground fault / leakage current: should be < 5 mA at operating temperature
- **Pressure testing:** Hydrostatic test steam/water coils annually or after any repair. Test at 1.5 × working pressure for 30 minutes. Document results.
- **Never dry-fire:** Ensure heating elements are fully submerged before energizing. Install low-level cutoff switches as a safety interlock.

### Common Problems & Troubleshooting

| Symptom | Possible Cause | Diagnostic Step | Solution |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| DSA anode voltage increases over time | Coating deactivation / depletion; Fe/Cu contamination plating onto anode; fluoride attack | Measure anode potential vs. reference electrode; inspect surface for deposits; test bath F⁻ | Clean anode (acid soak); remove bath contamination; replace anode if coating depleted; control F⁻ < 10 ppm |
| DSA anode coating flaking / peeling | Poor surface preparation (inadequate etching); thermal shock; mechanical damage; reverse polarity | Inspect peeled area substrate — shiny Ti indicates poor adhesion; gray oxide indicates overheating | Replace anode; verify supplier surface prep; avoid thermal shock (cold rinse on hot anode); verify polarity |
| Titanium basket corroding / pitting | Basket acting as anode (insufficient soluble anode material); fluoride in bath; weld area unpickled; galvanic coupling | Inspect pitting location — at welds = unpickled HAZ; general = fluoride; at solution line = crevice | Maintain adequate soluble anode fill; control F⁻; ensure all welds are pickled; avoid contact with dissimilar metals |
| Rack contact points overheating / burning | Plating buildup on contact; loose/worn contact spring; inadequate contact area; high current | Measure voltage drop across contact (> 50 mV = poor); inspect contact surface for pitting/arcing | Strip and clean contacts; replace worn spring clips; increase contact area; verify rack current rating |
| Plating deposits on rack (non-contact areas) | Insulation pinholes / cracks; insulation too thin; electrostatic discharge through coating | Spark test rack; inspect under magnification for pinholes; check coating thickness | Repair insulation defects; recoat rack with additional PVC/PTFE layers; ensure spark test passes before use |
| Heating coil not reaching temperature | Mineral scale buildup; insufficient steam pressure/flow; air trapped in coil; thermostat fault | Measure inlet/outlet temperature differential; inspect coil surface for scale; verify steam supply pressure | Descale coil; bleed air from high points; verify steam supply; calibrate/replace thermostat |
| Heating element leaking / tripping GFCI | Sheath pinhole / crack; moisture in terminal enclosure; damaged wiring; element end-of-life | Megger test insulation resistance (< 1 MΩ = failure); pressure test sheath; inspect terminal block | Replace heating element; dry and seal terminal enclosure; repair wiring; install leakage current monitor |
| Bath metal concentration dropping | Anode basket not properly filled; anode passivation; poor anode-cathode area ratio; anode bag clogged | Check anode fill level; inspect anode surface for passivation (dark/black film); measure anode current efficiency | Refill anode basket; clean/activate anode surface; increase anode area; clean/replace anode bags |
| Pitting / roughness in deposit | Anode bag torn (sludge entering bath); particulate contamination; DSA coating particles; filter failure | Inspect anode bags for tears; analyze bath particulate; check filter cartridge condition; Hull cell test | Replace torn anode bags; filter bath (1–5 μm cartridge + carbon); inspect DSA for coating loss; improve filtration |

### Frequently Asked Questions

#### Q: What is the difference between a DSA anode and a titanium anode basket?

**A:** A DSA (Dimensionally Stable Anode) is a coated titanium insoluble anode with catalytic oxide coatings (iridium-tantalum or ruthenium-iridium) that does not dissolve during electrolysis. It is used in processes where no soluble anode metal is needed, such as chrome plating, acid copper (insoluble mode), gold plating, and anodizing. A titanium anode basket is an uncoated pure titanium mesh container that holds soluble anode materials (nickel balls, copper balls, tin pellets) which dissolve to replenish metal ions in the plating bath. The titanium basket itself serves only as the current-carrying frame and does not dissolve.

#### Q: Which titanium grade is used for electroplating consumables?

**A:** TA1 (Grade 1) and TA2 (Grade 2) commercially pure titanium are the standard grades. TA1 offers superior corrosion resistance and formability, making it preferred for DSA anode substrates, fine mesh baskets, and applications requiring maximum ductility. TA2 provides higher mechanical strength (yield strength ~275 MPa vs. ~170 MPa for TA1) and is used for plating racks, heating coils, structural frames, and components under mechanical load. Grades 5 (Ti-6Al-4V) and 7 (Ti-Pd) are generally not used for electroplating consumables due to cost, alloy contamination risk, and limited availability in thin sheet/mesh form.

#### Q: How long does a DSA titanium anode last?

**A:** A properly maintained DSA anode typically lasts 3 to 7 years depending on coating type, current density, bath chemistry, and operating conditions. Iridium-tantalum coated anodes in oxygen-evolving acidic baths generally last 3 to 5 years at normal current densities (1–5 A/dm²). Ruthenium-iridium coated anodes in chloride baths may last 5 to 7 years. Coating life is measured in ampere-hours per square meter (Ah/m²), with typical ratings of 3,000–10,000 Ah/m² for standard coatings and up to 20,000+ Ah/m² for high-loading premium coatings. Factors that shorten life: high current density, fluoride contamination, reverse polarity, poor bath maintenance, and mechanical damage.

#### Q: Can titanium anode baskets be used in chrome plating?

**A:** No. Chrome plating uses insoluble anodes because chromium metal does not dissolve efficiently as a soluble anode in chromic acid baths. Lead or lead-alloy anodes were traditionally used, but DSA coated titanium anodes (iridium-tantalum type) are the modern preferred choice for both hard chrome and decorative chrome plating. Titanium anode baskets are used for nickel, copper, tin, cobalt, and zinc plating where soluble anode metal is required to replenish the bath. Using a titanium basket in a chrome bath would result in the titanium basket itself becoming the anode (since no soluble metal is present), causing rapid passivation, voltage rise, and potential titanium substrate damage.

#### Q: How do I clean and maintain titanium plating racks?

**A:** Titanium plating racks should be cleaned and inspected on a regular schedule: (1) Daily — inspect for damaged insulation, bent contacts, and loose welds. (2) Weekly — wipe contact points clean, verify workpiece fit. (3) Monthly — strip accumulated plating from contact points using appropriate chemical stripper (nitric acid for Ni/Cu, cyanide stripper for Au/Ag), then rinse. (4) Every 3–6 months — perform spark test (holiday detection) at 5–15 kV DC to detect insulation pinholes; repair any defects with liquid PVC or PTFE repair compound. (5) Annually — full strip, inspect, and recoat if insulation is worn or damaged. Avoid using hydrochloric acid or abrasive methods (steel wool, sandblasting) that can damage the titanium surface or PVC/PTFE insulation. Always wear appropriate PPE when handling chemical strippers.

#### Q: Can DSA anodes be recoated after they fail?

**A:** Yes, in many cases DSA anodes can be recoated, providing significant cost savings compared to purchasing new anodes. The recoating process involves: (1) complete removal of the old coating by chemical stripping (acid dissolution) or mechanical blasting; (2) re-etching the titanium substrate in HF-HNO₃ to create a fresh active surface; (3) reapplication of the coating using the standard brush-dry-sinter process. However, recoating is only viable if the titanium substrate is in good condition — anodes with severe pitting, thinning (> 30% wall loss), warping, or weld damage should be replaced. The recoated anode typically achieves 80–95% of the life of a new anode at 40–60% of the cost. Always have recoating performed by a qualified supplier with electrochemical testing capability.

#### Q: What is the maximum operating temperature for titanium in plating baths?

**A:** Commercially pure titanium (Grades 1–2) can operate continuously up to approximately 120–150°C in most acidic plating baths without significant corrosion. However, the practical upper limit depends on bath chemistry: (1) Sulfuric acid baths: up to 80–90°C at concentrations < 10%; above this, corrosion rate increases. (2) Chromic acid baths: up to 60–65°C (standard hard chrome operating temperature). (3) Nickel sulfamate baths: up to 60–70°C. (4) Phosphoric acid baths: up to 80–100°C. (5) Alkaline baths (NaOH): titanium is generally not recommended above 60°C at NaOH concentrations > 50 g/L due to accelerated corrosion (hydrogen embrittlement risk). For titanium heating coils carrying steam, the tube wall temperature may reach 120–150°C locally, which is acceptable as long as the external bath temperature remains within the safe range. Always consult the titanium corrosion resistance chart for specific bath chemistry and temperature combinations.

Titanium electroplating consumables — encompassing [DSA/MMO coated anodes](https://www.ti-electrode.com/mmo-coated-titanium-anodes/), titanium anode baskets, plating racks and fixtures, heating and cooling components, and base materials — represent a critical investment in plating quality, bath longevity, and operational efficiency. Understanding the distinct functions, manufacturing processes, selection criteria, and maintenance requirements of each category enables plating engineers and procurement managers to make informed decisions that optimize total cost of ownership.

The key takeaways from this guide are:

- **Match anode type to bath chemistry:** Ir-Ta DSA for oxygen-evolving acidic baths (chrome, acid copper, nickel), Ru-Ir DSA for chloride environments, Pt-Ti for high-purity precious metal plating, and titanium baskets for soluble-anode processes (Ni, Cu, Sn, Zn).
- **Invest in quality manufacturing:** Proper surface preparation (degreasing + acid etching), controlled coating application, and rigorous quality testing directly determine DSA anode lifespan. For baskets and racks, full-penetration TIG welding with post-weld pickling is essential for corrosion resistance.
- **Maintain rigorously:** Regular cleaning, inspection, and preventive maintenance — including anode bag replacement, rack spark testing, heating coil descaling, and DSA potential monitoring — can extend consumable life by 30–50% and prevent unplanned downtime.
- **Control bath chemistry:** Fluoride contamination (> 10 ppm), excess chloride, heavy metal ion contamination, and out-of-spec pH are the primary causes of premature titanium consumable failure. Continuous filtration and regular bath analysis are essential.
- **Consider recoating and refurbishment:** DSA anodes with intact substrates can be recoated at 40–60% of new cost. Titanium racks can be stripped and recoated multiple times. These circular economy practices reduce both cost and environmental impact.

#### Element

## Titanium Electrodes: MMO, DSA, and Platinized Anode Guide
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/titanium-electrodes-complete-guide/
> Titanium electrodes: MMO vs DSA vs platinized coatings, how they are made, and which anode fits chlor alkali, hypochlorite, plating, and copper foil.

### Titanium Electrodes: A Complete Guide to MMO, DSA, and Platinized Anodes

A titanium electrode is an insoluble electrochemical electrode built from a titanium base, usually Grade 1 or Grade 2 per ASTM B265, with a thin catalytic coating on the working surface. The coating does the electrochemistry; the titanium supplies the strength, the corrosion resistance, and the dimensional stability. Depending on the process, that coating is a mixed metal oxide (MMO), platinum, or lead dioxide. Titanium electrodes run in chlor-alkali plants, sodium hypochlorite generators, electroplating lines, electrolytic copper foil production, wastewater treatment, and impressed current cathodic protection, often for years between change outs.

#### Key facts at a glance

- Substrate: Grade 1 or Grade 2 titanium per ASTM B265
- Main coating families: Ru-Ir MMO (chlorine evolution), Ir-Ta MMO (oxygen evolution), platinum (precious metal plating), lead dioxide (high potential oxidation)
- Typical current density: 100 to 3,000 A/m² in most processes; 7,000 to 10,000 A/m² in electrolytic copper foil production
- Typical service life: 2 to 10 years at rated conditions, depending on the duty
- Global market: about USD 605 million for titanium-based MMO anodes in 2025, forecast to reach roughly USD 800 million by 2032

### What Is a Titanium Electrode?

A titanium electrode is an anode made of a titanium substrate and a thin electrocatalytic layer. The substrate is usually commercially pure titanium, Grade 1 or Grade 2, which stays passive in chloride, sulfate, and most acid and alkali electrolytes. The catalytic layer, applied at high temperature, carries the oxygen or chlorine evolution reaction that the process needs.

Why does the coating exist? Bare titanium forms a dense passivating oxide film in an electrolyte. That film blocks current, so an uncoated titanium anode stops working at normal cell voltages. The coating provides a conductive, catalytically active surface that keeps the cell running at a predictable voltage.

Titanium electrodes belong to a family called dimensionally stable anodes (DSA). The name says it all: unlike graphite anodes that burn away and lead anodes that dissolve and deform, a coated titanium anode holds its geometry through the life of the coating. That stable geometry keeps the anode to cathode gap constant, which keeps current distribution even and cell voltage predictable.

### Why Titanium?

Titanium is the substrate of choice for one reason: it survives environments that destroy other metals.

- **Corrosion resistance.** Titanium resists chloride pitting, sulfuric acid, and caustic, which is exactly the chemistry found in chlor-alkali, brine electrolysis, and acid sulfate plating.
- **A self-healing passive film.** When the surface is scratched, a new titanium oxide film forms instantly and passivates the exposed metal.
- **Dimensional stability.** The substrate does not dissolve during electrolysis, so the anode keeps its shape and the cell keeps its gap.
- **Light weight.** Titanium weighs about 40 percent less than a comparable lead alloy anode, which cuts handling and installation cost.
- **A reusable base.** When the coating wears out, the titanium can be stripped and recoated instead of scrapped.

### Types of Titanium Electrodes

Three coating families cover most industrial service: mixed metal oxide (MMO), platinum, and lead dioxide. MMO coatings dominate the market, which is why you will also hear the terms DSA and MMO used for the same product.

#### Coating systems compared

| Coating system | Catalyzes | Best suited for | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ru-Ir MMO (ruthenium and iridium oxides with TiO₂) | Chlorine evolution | Chlor-alkali, sodium hypochlorite generators, seawater electrochlorination | Low chlorine overpotential, high current density |
| Ir-Ta MMO (iridium and tantalum oxides) | Oxygen evolution | Electrowinning, electrolytic copper foil, acid sulfate plating, wastewater oxidation | Resists oxidative dissolution in acid |
| Ir-Sn MMO (iridium and tin oxides) | Oxygen evolution | Electro-oxidation of organic wastewater | Stable in aggressive organic loads |
| Platinum (Pt) | Both, with high stability | Precious metal plating, some water electrolysis, cathodic protection | 1 to 5 µm electrodeposited; 25 to 125 µm clad |
| Lead dioxide (PbO₂) | Oxygen evolution at high potential | Wastewater electro-oxidation, ozone, perchlorate synthesis | Oxygen evolution overpotential about 1.8 V vs SHE |

MMO coatings are applied as thin oxide layers, typically 5 to 20 µm, with precious metal loadings of 5 to 20 g/m² in standard service and more when the target life is long. Ru-Ir coatings are formulated for chlorine evolution; Ir-Ta coatings are formulated for oxygen evolution in acid. Platinum coatings are applied by electrodeposition (1 to 5 µm) or by cladding (25 to 125 µm) and are used where the bath must stay free of any metal contamination. Lead dioxide on titanium is a niche product for high potential oxidation, with an oxygen evolution overpotential around 1.8 V vs SHE, which is why it is used to mineralize refractory organics and to generate ozone and strong oxidants.

### How Coated Titanium Electrodes Are Made

Five steps produce a coated titanium electrode:

- **Substrate machining.** Grade 1 or Grade 2 titanium is cut, stamped, or formed into plates, mesh, tubes, rods, ribbons, discs, or custom assemblies per customer drawings.
- **Surface preparation.** The surface is sandblasted to roughen it, then cleaned in multi stage acid pickling and ultrasonic baths to remove grease and oxide. The roughness is what the coating grips.
- **Coating application.** Noble metal precursor solutions are applied by brush, roller, or spray in controlled layers.
- **Thermal decomposition.** The coated part is sintered in a furnace at 400 to 450 °C in repeated cycles. Each cycle converts the precursors into a dense, conductive mixed oxide that bonds to the titanium.
- **Inspection and testing.** Batches are checked for coating adhesion, thickness (measured by X-ray fluorescence), uniformity, and electrochemical performance. Representative samples run an accelerated life test (ALT) so the supplier can estimate service life under your duty.

The result is a coating that is part of the surface, not a paint on it. That is why coated titanium anodes survive thermal cycling and mechanical handling without delaminating.

### Where Titanium Electrodes Are Used

| Application | Recommended coating | Typical operating window |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Chlor-alkali (chlorine and caustic soda) | Ru-Ir MMO | Brine electrolyte, high current density, 60 to 90 °C |
| Sodium hypochlorite generation | Ru-Ir MMO | 1,000 to 3,000 A/m², 3 to 6 V, 3 to 5 percent brine or seawater, 10 to 60 °C |
| Electroplating (nickel, copper, zinc, hard chromium) | Ir-Ta MMO in sulfate baths; platinized titanium for precious metals | 100 to 2,000 A/m², up to 60 °C |
| Electrolytic copper foil | Ir-Ta MMO | 7,000 to 10,000 A/m², 50 to 60 °C, Cu²⁺ 50 to 150 g/L, H₂SO₄ 60 to 150 g/L, chloride 30 to 60 ppm |
| Electrowinning (copper, zinc, manganese) | Ir-Ta MMO | Acidic sulfate baths |
| Wastewater electro-oxidation | Ir-Ta, Ir-Sn MMO, or PbO₂ | High COD loads, refractory organics |
| Impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) | Ir-Ta MMO | Soil, seawater, low current density, decades of life |
| Water electrolysis for hydrogen | Ir-based MMO | PEM and alkaline cells |

#### Application notes
Sodium hypochlorite generation.

 On-site hypochlorite generators electrolyze brine or seawater to make disinfectant where it is used, which removes the transport and storage of liquid bleach or chlorine gas. The Ru-Ir coating is chosen for its low chlorine overpotential and stable output in chloride service. Typical cells run at 1,000 to 3,000 A/m² and 3 to 6 V, and anodes are rated for 5 to 10 years under normal conditions.

**Electrolytic copper foil.** Copper foil for lithium ion batteries and printed circuit boards is grown on a rotating cathode drum, and the anode sits opposite the drum in a copper sulfate bath. Ir-Ta coated titanium anodes handle the oxygen evolution duty at 7,000 to 10,000 A/m². Because the anode keeps its dimensions, the anode to cathode gap stays constant across the drum, which is what keeps foil thickness uniform. Bath conditions are tight: copper 50 to 150 g/L, sulfuric acid 60 to 150 g/L, chloride 30 to 60 ppm, fluoride below 1 ppm, temperature 50 to 60 °C. Anodes typically run about 8 to 12 months in this duty, then the titanium is stripped and recoated.

**Wastewater treatment.** Electrochemical oxidation generates hydroxyl radicals at the anode surface that break down dyes, pharmaceuticals, and other refractory organics that biological treatment cannot handle. Ir-Ta and Ir-Sn MMO coatings handle this duty at moderate cost. For the hardest loads, lead dioxide on titanium provides the high oxygen evolution overpotential needed to mineralize organics completely.

**Chlor-alkali.** Chlor-alkali plants make chlorine and caustic soda from brine. Ru-Ir MMO anodes replaced graphite and mercury electrodes in this industry decades ago, and they remain the standard because of their low chlorine overpotential and long life in saturated brine.

**Cathodic protection.** Impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) systems protect pipelines, ship hulls, and offshore structures. Anodes buried in soil or submerged in seawater operate at low current density, where Ir-Ta MMO coatings can last for decades.

### How to Choose the Right Titanium Electrode

The coating choice follows the electrolyte, not the brand. Four questions decide it:

- **What reaction does the cell need?** Chlorine or hypochlorite production points to a ruthenium based coating. Oxygen evolution in acid points to an iridium based coating.
- **What is the electrolyte chemistry?** High chloride means ruthenium iridium MMO. Sulfate or nitrate with continuous oxygen evolution means iridium tantalum MMO. Fluorides above 20 ppm attack the titanium substrate, so tell the supplier before ordering.
- **What are the operating limits?** Current density, temperature, and pH set the coating loading and the expected life. Halving the current density can multiply coating life by 3 to 5 times.
- **What geometry fits the cell?** Plates for flat cells, mesh for circulation and gas release, tubes for cylindrical cells, rods for compact units. The supplier can build to drawing.

#### Decision steps at a glance

| Condition | Coating to choose |
| --- | --- |
| Chloride-rich electrolyte, chlorine or hypochlorite target | Ru-Ir MMO |
| Acidic sulfate or nitrate, continuous oxygen evolution | Ir-Ta MMO |
| Organic wastewater with high COD | Ir-Sn MMO or PbO₂ |
| Precious metal plating, bath purity critical | Platinized titanium |
| Electrolyte contains fluorides | Talk to the supplier; may need special substrate treatment |

### Service Life and Maintenance

Service life is set by the duty, and the biggest lever is current density. Run the cell at the rated current density. Doubling the current density roughly halves the coating life, and halving it can extend life by 3 to 5 times.

#### Maintenance checklist

- Keep fluoride below 20 ppm in the electrolyte (below 1 ppm in copper foil baths). Fluorides dissolve the titanium substrate.
- Never reverse polarity. MMO anodes run as anodes; cathodic polarization strips the coating within hours.
- Hold temperature inside the rating, usually below 60 °C for aqueous cells.
- Watch cell voltage. A slow rise in voltage at constant current is the first sign of coating wear.
- Clean the surface of scale and deposits at scheduled stops.
- Keep the coating free of scratches and impact.

When the coating reaches end of life, recoat instead of replacing. Recoated anodes cost 30 to 50 percent less than new ones because the titanium base is reused, and the base usually outlasts several coating cycles.

### Frequently Asked Questions

#### What is a titanium electrode?

A titanium electrode is an insoluble anode made from a titanium substrate, usually Grade 1 or Grade 2 per ASTM B265, coated with a thin electrocatalytic layer of mixed metal oxides, platinum, or lead dioxide. The titanium provides corrosion resistance and dimensional stability; the coating carries the electrochemical reaction. Titanium electrodes are used in chlor-alkali production, sodium hypochlorite generation, electroplating, electrowinning, electrolytic copper foil, wastewater treatment, and cathodic protection.

#### What is the difference between MMO and DSA anodes?

None. The two terms describe the same product from different angles. DSA, short for dimensionally stable anode, emphasizes that the anode holds its dimensions during electrolysis. MMO, short for mixed metal oxide, describes the coating chemistry. Most suppliers use the terms interchangeably.

#### Which coating should I choose, ruthenium iridium or iridium tantalum?

If the electrolyte is chloride-rich and the target reaction is chlorine or hypochlorite production, choose ruthenium iridium (Ru-Ir) MMO. If the cell runs in acidic sulfate or nitrate media with continuous oxygen evolution, choose iridium tantalum (Ir-Ta) MMO, because iridium resists oxidative dissolution far longer than ruthenium in that duty. Rule of thumb: chlorine service means Ru, oxygen service in acid means Ir.

#### How long does a titanium anode last?

Under rated conditions, 2 to 10 years depending on the process. Sodium hypochlorite anodes commonly run 5 to 10 years; electrolytic copper foil anodes run about 8 to 12 months in that demanding duty, then get recoated. Actual life depends on current density, temperature, electrolyte impurities such as fluorides, and how the cell is operated.

#### Can a titanium anode be recoated?

Yes. When the coating reaches end of life, the titanium substrate is stripped of the old coating and recoated with a fresh layer. Recoated anodes cost 30 to 50 percent less than new ones, and the substrate usually survives several coating cycles.

#### What is platinized titanium used for?

Platinized titanium is a titanium anode with a platinum layer, applied by electrodeposition at 1 to 5 µm or by cladding at 25 to 125 µm. It is used in precious metal plating baths (gold, silver, platinum group metals), alkaline copper plating, and some water electrolysis cells, where bath purity and stable anodic behavior matter more than cost.

### Need a titanium electrode built for your cell?

Send us your electrolyte composition, current density, temperature, pH, and required dimensions. We will confirm the coating system and loading, and send a quotation within 48 hours.
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## Electrolytic ballast water treatment
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/electrolytic-ballast-water-treatment/
> Electrolytic ballast water has become a research hotspot in the field of ballast water treatment due to its advantages such as high efficiency and environmental friendliness. As the core component of the electrolytic reaction, the performance of titanium anodes directly affects the treatment

With the rapid development of the global ship transportation industry, it has inevitably led to a sharp increase in the discharge of ballast water. The alien species, pathogenic microorganisms, and chemical pollutants carried in ballast water pose a serious threat to the balance of marine ecosystems. In response, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has formulated the strict International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, requiring the global merchant fleet to be equipped with efficient ballast water treatment systems. Against this background, the electrolysis method has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of ballast water treatment due to its advantages such as no need for adding chemical agents, high treatment efficiency, and environmental friendliness. This technology generates strong oxidizing substances (such as hypochlorous acid, hydroxyl radicals, etc.) through the electrolysis of seawater to inactivate organisms in ballast water. The performance of its core component, the titanium anode, directly determines the stability and economy of the treatment system.

Titanium electrodes serve as active carriers for electrolytic reactions，Its structural design and surface coating technology are the keys to improving electrolysis efficiency. Studies have shown that by regulating the composition and microstructure of the surface coating on the titanium substrate, the chlorine evolution overpotential and corrosion resistance of the electrode can be significantly optimized.

Innovations in ballast water treatment technology are closely related to marine ecological protection. The improvement of titanium electrode performance can not only reduce the operating cost of the electrolysis method but also achieve the goal of green treatment by reducing secondary pollution. With the continuous improvement of nanocoating technology, composite material design, and service life prediction models, the stability of titanium electrodes under harsh conditions such as high pressure and high salinity will be further enhanced, thereby promoting electrolysis to become the mainstream technical solution for ship ballast water treatment.

### Principle of Ballast Water Treatment by Electrolysis

- Electrolytic ballast water treatment technology achieves the inactivation of microorganisms in water through strong oxidizing substances generated during the electrolysis process. During electrolysis, oxidation reactions mainly occur at the anode, generating active substances such as hypochlorite ions (ClO⁻) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH). These substances can penetrate the cell membranes of microorganisms, destroy their enzyme systems and genetic materials, thereby achieving a bactericidal effect.
- The cathode mainly precipitates hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions. This process can achieve precise control of the concentration of oxidizing substances by reasonably controlling parameters such as current density and voltage, so as to meet the treatment requirements under different water quality conditions. As a key breakthrough in this field, ion membrane electrolysis technology separates the anode chamber from the cathode chamber by setting a cation-selective permeable membrane in the electrolytic cell, allowing the strong oxidizing solution generated by the anode to be directly used for ballast water treatment, while the cathode products can be further used in collaborative treatment processes such as ship exhaust gas desulfurization. This structural design not only improves the utilization rate of chlorine, but also effectively avoids mutual interference between the reaction products of the anode and cathode.

The core of the electrolysis process lies in the control of the electrochemical reaction path. When ballast water passes through the electrolytic cell, driven by an applied voltage, chloride ions in the water undergo an oxidation reaction on the anode surface to generate hypochlorous acid, which further dissociates into hypochlorite ions. Meanwhile, hydroxyl radicals produced by the decomposition of water molecules under the action of an electric field have extremely strong oxidizing properties, which can react with macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids in microbial cells, leading to the destruction of cell structures.

When the effective chlorine concentration in the anode region reaches 5 mg/L, the kill rate of small typical organisms reaches 100%, indicating that this concentration threshold is a key parameter to ensure the treatment effect. Further parameter optimization shows that when the current density is in the range of 200-300 A/m² and the cell voltage is maintained at 24-36 V, the system can achieve high current efficiency while maintaining a stable generation rate of oxidizing substances.

#### Titanium electrodes for electrolytic ballast water treatment

Titanium electrodes serve as the core material of the electrolytic ballast water treatment system,Its excellent physical and chemical properties directly determine the efficiency of electrolytic reactions and the stability of equipment operation. The titanium substrate itself is lightweight, has high strength, and good electrical conductivity. At the same time, a protective coating can be formed on its surface through various modification processes, which significantly improves its corrosion resistance.

Titanium electrodes can customize their electrochemical properties for different electrolytic environments through surface coatings, thereby meeting the multiple requirements of disinfection efficiency, energy consumption control, and equipment lifespan in ballast water treatment.

The electrode reaction kinetic characteristics of titanium electrodes are jointly determined by the intrinsic structure of the material, surface modification, electrolytic environment, and operating parameters. A deep understanding of the interaction mechanism of these factors can provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the energy efficiency and stability of the electrolytic ballast water treatment system.
Contact US**Contact US**

## Titanium Anode for COD Removal
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/titanium-anode-for-cod-removal/
> Explore how titanium anode technology can efficiently remove chemical oxygen demand from wastewater, providing innovative solutions for environmental protection and water quality improvement.

### Titanium anodes in wastewater treatment Removal of COD and practice

Explore how titanium anode technology can efficiently remove chemical oxygen demand from wastewater, providing innovative solutions for environmental protection and water quality improvement.

##### The environmental significance of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)

Among the numerous indicators used for water quality monitoring, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) represents the total amount of reducing substances in the water, with organic matter being the predominant component. The decomposition of organic matter in water consumes a large amount of oxygen, leading to a rapid decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. This disruption of the aquatic ecosystem results in deteriorating water quality – the water becomes dark and smelly, and once-clear rivers become turbid. As a result, biodiversity suffers a significant decline.
The COD value is an important indicator of the degree of water pollution; effectively reducing the COD concentration is a key step in improving water quality.

#### Technical Positioning of Titanium Anodes

In the treatment of high COD wastewater, titanium anodes, as the core component of electrochemical treatment technology, play an irreplaceable and crucial role, capable of accelerating the degradation process of organic matter in wastewater. 
Structurally, titanium anodes use titanium metal as the substrate. Its light weight, high strength, and excellent corrosion resistance enable it to work stably in complex wastewater environments. 
On the surface of the titanium substrate, a coating of precious metal oxides such as iridium and ruthenium is applied through a thermal decomposition oxidation process. This coating is the core where the titanium anode exerts its electrocatalytic activity.

#### The principle of action of titanium anodes in removing COD

Microscopic Mechanism Analysis of Electrocatalytic Oxidation

#### Direct electrochemical oxidation

In the microscopic world of electrochemical wastewater treatment, titanium anodes dominate the crucial process of direct electrochemical oxidation. When an electric current passes through the titanium anode, organic molecules in the wastewater undergo electron transfer on the surface of the titanium anode.

Take benzene ring aromatic compounds as an example; their stable conjugated systems are extremely difficult to decompose in the natural environment. However, under the strong electrocatalytic effect of the titanium anode, these stubborn organic molecules break their originally stable chemical bonds.

The C-C bonds on the benzene ring gradually break, and various functional groups in the molecules undergo oxidation reactions, ultimately converting the organic matter into simple, harmless small molecular substances, fundamentally reducing the COD value in the wastewater.

#### Indirect electrochemical oxidation

Titanium anodes provide a powerful boost to the removal of COD through indirect electrochemical oxidation, with the key to this process lying in the generation of free radicals. When an electric current passes through the titanium anode, the catalytic coating on its surface promotes the electrolysis of water molecules, generating a series of free radicals with strong oxidizing properties.

Among them, the most active is the hydroxyl radical (・OH), which has an oxidation potential of up to 2.8V, second only to fluorine gas, making it one of the most oxidizing substances in nature. In addition, strong oxidants such as ozone (O₃) are also generated during this process.Once these free radicals are generated, they initiate chain reactions in the wastewater, gradually oxidizing and decomposing pollutants, which are ultimately converted into harmless carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic salts, significantly improving the efficiency of COD removal from wastewater.

Titanium anodes, with their high efficiency, stability, and environmental friendliness, have become one of the core technologies for removing COD from wastewater. With the continuous advances in materials science and electrochemical engineering, the applications of titanium anodes will continue to expand, providing more sustainable solutions for improving the quality of industrial wastewater, reusing municipal sewage, and managing emerging pollutants.
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## Mixed metal oxide coating titanium anode
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/mixed-metal-oxide-coating-titanium-anode/
> Mixed metal oxide coated titanium anodes, whose core structure has titanium as the substrate and is coated with one or more layers of noble metal oxides on the surface. Common coated noble metal oxides include oxides of ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), etc.

Overview

#### Mixed metal oxide coated titanium anode

Mixed metal oxide coated titanium anode, whose core structure takes titanium as the substrate and has one or more layers of mixed metal oxides coated on the surface.

The mixed metal oxide (MMO) [coated titanium anode](https://www.ti-electrode.com/mmo-coated-titanium-anodes/) has a core structure with titanium as the substrate and one or more layers of mixed metal oxides coated on the surface. Common coated mixed metal oxides include oxides of ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), etc. These mixed metal oxides have unique crystal structures and electronic properties, which are the key factors determining the anode performance. For example, the ruthenium - based oxide coating has good catalytic activity for the chlorine evolution reaction, which can reduce the over - potential of chlorine evolution and enable the reaction to proceed efficiently at a lower voltage. This is because the crystal structure of ruthenium oxide can provide abundant active sites, promoting the discharge reaction of chloride ions and accelerating the generation of chlorine gas. In the ion - exchange membrane electrolyzer of the chlor - alkali industry, on the surface of the ruthenium - iridium - plated titanium anode, the ruthenium oxide catalyzes the chloride ions in the saturated brine to lose electrons and generate chlorine gas, greatly improving the electrolysis efficiency. 
The role of the coating is not only to provide catalytic activity, but also to enhance the stability and corrosion resistance of the anode. Although the titanium substrate itself has good corrosion resistance, it may still corrode in some specific electrochemical environments. The mixed metal oxide coating can form a dense protective film on the surface of the titanium substrate, preventing the electrolyte from coming into direct contact with the titanium substrate, thus protecting the titanium substrate from corrosion. The coating can also improve the electrical conductivity of the anode, making up for the insufficient electrical conductivity of titanium itself, ensuring uniform distribution of current on the electrode surface, and improving the efficiency and uniformity of the electrochemical reaction.
Application of Titanium Anodes in Water Treatment**Application of Titanium Anodes in Water Treatment**

Principle

#### Principle of Electrochemical Reaction

In different electrolyte systems, the electrochemical reaction processes involving coated titanium anodes vary.

In different electrolyte systems, the electrochemical reaction processes in which the coated titanium anode participates vary. Taking the common chlor-alkali industry as an example, in the saturated brine electrolyte system, the main reaction occurring at the anode is the oxidation reaction of chloride ions to generate chlorine gas. The reaction formula is: 2Cl^- - 2e^- = Cl_2↑. On the surface of the ruthenium-iridium plated titanium anode, due to the catalytic effect of the coating, chloride ions can more easily lose electrons, thus reducing the overpotential of the reaction and increasing the reaction rate. At the same time, the dimensional stability and corrosion resistance of the titanium anode ensure that the electrode can work stably during the long-term electrolysis process, ensuring that the electrolysis operation is carried out under a stable cell voltage. 
In the process of electrolyzing water to produce hydrogen and oxygen, if an acidic electrolyte is used, the oxygen evolution reaction occurs at the anode. Taking the sulfuric acid electrolyte as an example, the reaction formula is: 2H_2O - 4e^- = O_2↑ + 4H^+. In this case, the iridium-based coated titanium anode plays a role. Its coating can effectively catalyze the decomposition of water molecules, reduce the oxygen evolution overpotential, enable the reaction to proceed at a lower voltage, and improve the efficiency of water electrolysis. In an alkaline electrolyte, although the specific form of the reaction is different, the coated titanium anode can also promote the oxidation reaction of water to generate oxygen through its catalytic activity. 
In the electroplating industry, such as in the chromium plating process, an electrolyte containing hexavalent chromium is used. At this time, the oxygen evolution reaction occurs on the surface of the iridium-plated titanium anode. The reaction formula is: 4OH^- - 4e^- = O_2↑ + 2H_2O (in an alkaline environment) or 2H_2O - 4e^- = O_2↑ + 4H^+ (in an acidic environment). The iridium oxide on the anode surface catalyzes the oxygen evolution reaction, and the electrical conductivity of the titanium substrate ensures uniform current distribution, enabling the chromium plating layer to be uniformly deposited on the cathode surface, improving the quality and performance of the chromium plating layer.

**Iridium based oxide coatings perform outstandingly in the oxygen evolution reaction and are commonly used in electrochemical reaction systems where oxygen evolution at the anode is required. Iridium oxide coatings have high stability and catalytic activity, which can effectively reduce the oxygen evolution overpotential and increase the oxygen evolution reaction rate. During the process of water electrolysis for oxygen production in an acidic medium, the iridium-based coated titanium anode can efficiently catalyze the decomposition of water molecules to generate oxygen while maintaining good stability and being resistant to corrosion.**

application

#### Principle of electrocatalytic oxidation for sewage treatment

In the process of electrocatalytic oxidation treatment of sewage, the mixed metal oxide coated titanium anode plays a crucial role.

##### Generation and Effects of Hydroxyl Radicals

In the process of electrocatalytic oxidation for sewage treatment, the mixed metal oxide coated titanium anode plays a crucial role. The electrochemical reactions occurring on its surface are an important way to generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH). When an electric current passes through the sewage system containing water and electrolyte, at the surface of the coated titanium anode, the water molecules will undergo an electrolysis reaction. The reaction equations are as follows: H₂O → H⁺ + OH⁻, OH⁻ - e⁻ → ·OH. The mixed metal oxide coating on the surface of the coated titanium anode, such as iridium-ruthenium oxide, has high catalytic activity and can accelerate this reaction process, promoting the massive generation of hydroxyl radicals. 
Hydroxyl radicals have extremely strong oxidizing ability, with a redox potential as high as 2.8V, second only to fluorine gas. This enables them to react non - selectively with various organic pollutants in sewage. When treating sewage containing phenolic compounds, hydroxyl radicals can rapidly attack the benzene ring structure of phenolic molecules, triggering a series of oxidation reactions such as hydroxylation and ring - opening. In the specific reaction process, hydroxyl radicals first undergo an addition reaction with phenolic molecules to form a phenolic hydroxyl radical intermediate. Then, the intermediate is further oxidized, and the benzene ring undergoes a ring - opening reaction to generate small - molecule organic acids such as formic acid and acetic acid. These small - molecule organic acids are ultimately completely mineralized into carbon dioxide and water. When treating organic dyes in printing and dyeing wastewater, hydroxyl radicals can destroy the chromophoric groups of dye molecules, causing the dye molecules to lose their color and decomposing them into harmless small - molecule substances.

##### Removal mechanisms for different pollutants
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For heavy metal ions, the coated titanium anode mainly achieves their removal through electrochemical reactions. During the electrocatalytic oxidation process, heavy metal ions undergo a reduction reaction at the cathode and are reduced to metallic elements or ions in lower valence states, thus precipitating from the sewage. Taking wastewater containing copper ions (Cu^{2+}) as an example, on the cathode surface, Cu^{2+} gains electrons and is reduced to metallic copper. The reaction equation is: Cu^{2+} + 2e^- → Cu. In the actual treatment process, when an electric current passes through the wastewater, copper ions migrate towards the cathode and gain electrons on the cathode surface to undergo a reduction reaction. The generated metallic copper deposits on the cathode surface, thus achieving the removal of copper ions. For some heavy metal ions with variable valence states, such as chromium (Cr), under acidic conditions, Cr^{6+} has strong oxidizing properties and is highly harmful to the environment. Through electrocatalytic oxidation, Cr^{6+} can gain electrons on the cathode surface and be reduced to Cr^{3+} with lower toxicity. The reaction equation is: Cr_2O_7^{2-} + 14H^+ + 6e^- → 2Cr^{3+} + 7H_2O. Subsequently, Cr^{3+} will form chromium hydroxide precipitate under alkaline conditions and be removed from the wastewater. 
For organic substances, in addition to the oxidation by hydroxyl radicals, there are two mechanisms of direct oxidation and indirect oxidation. Direct oxidation refers to the direct loss of electrons by organic molecule on the anode surface and being oxidized. For example, ethanol (C₂H₅OH) can be directly oxidized to acetic acid (CH₃COOH) on the anode surface, and the reaction formula is: C₂H₅OH + H₂O - 4e⁻ → CH₃COOH + 4H⁺. Indirect oxidation utilizes other strongly oxidizing substances generated by electrochemical reactions, such as hypochlorous acid (HClO), persulfate (S₂O₈²⁻), etc., to oxidize organic substances. In sewage containing chloride ions, chloride ions are oxidized to chlorine gas (Cl₂) at the anode, and chlorine gas reacts with water to form hypochlorous acid. The reaction formulas are: 2Cl⁻ - 2e⁻ → Cl₂, Cl₂ + H₂O → HClO + H⁺ + Cl⁻. Hypochlorous acid has strong oxidizing properties and can oxidize the organic substances in sewage. When treating wastewater containing petroleum pollutants, hypochlorous acid can oxidize and decompose the long-chain hydrocarbon molecules in petroleum substances into small-molecule fatty acids and alcohols, further reducing their harm to the environment.

## Chlorine production by electrolysis
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/chlorine-production-by-electrolysis/
> Titanium anode electrolytic chlorine production technology, as an efficient and environmentally friendly disinfection and sterilization method, plays a significant role in water treatment and industrial cooling water systems.

Titanium anode electrolytic chlorine production technology, as an efficient and environmentally friendly disinfection and sterilization method, plays a significant role in water treatment and industrial cooling water systems. The outstanding performance of titanium anodes in the electrolytic chlorine production process includes corrosion resistance, good electrical conductivity and high stability. By optimizing key parameters such as electrolyte concentration, current density and electrolysis temperature, the electrolysis efficiency and chlorine production quality can be significantly improved. Titanium anode electrolytic chlorine production technology, including the continuous improvement of electrode materials, the structural optimization and intelligence of electrolytic equipment, the greening of chlorine collection and treatment technology, as well as the integration and modularization of the entire system. These not only provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the titanium anode electrolytic chlorine production technology.

### The principle of chlorine production by electrolysis

The basic principle of chlorine production by electrolysis involves an electrochemical process. A direct current voltage is applied to the electrolyte solution to drive the chemical reaction. During this process, the chloride ions (Cl⁻) at the anode lose electrons and are oxidized to chlorine gas (Cl₂), while the water molecules (H₂O) at the cathode gain electrons and are reduced, generating hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions (OH⁻). Subsequently, the chlorine gas produced at the anode reacts with the hydroxide ions produced at the cathode to form hypochlorite with disinfection and sterilization effects . 
The specific chemical reaction process can be expressed as: 
Anode reaction: 2Cl ⁻ - 2e ⁻ → Cl₂↑ 
This reaction describes the process in which chloride ions lose electrons at the anode and are converted into chlorine gas. This is one of the core steps of electrolytic chlorine production technology, as the chlorine gas produced is a key raw material for the subsequent generation of hypochlorite. 
Cathode reaction: 2H₂O + 2e ⁻ → H₂↑ + 2OH ⁻ 
At the cathode, water molecules gain electrons and are reduced, generating hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions. Hydroxide ions combine with chlorine gas in the subsequent reaction to form hypochlorite, which is an effective disinfectant. 
Overall reaction: 2NaCl + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + Cl₂↑ + H₂↑ 
This overall reaction formula summarizes all the key chemical changes in the electrolytic chlorine production process. Starting from sodium chloride (NaCl) and water (H₂O), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), chlorine gas and hydrogen gas are generated through electrolysis. 
The selection of anode materials during the electrolysis process is of vital importance. Titanium anodes have been widely used in electrolytic chlorine production technology due to their excellent corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity and chemical stability. Compared with traditional graphite or lead-based alloy anodes, titanium anodes not only enhance electrolytic efficiency and reduce energy consumption, but also significantly extend the service life of equipment and lower maintenance costs.

#### [Chlorine production by electrolysis](https://www.ti-electrode.com/mmo-coated-titanium-anodes/)-titanium anode

[Titanium anodes](https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/electrolysis-secondary-chlorine-generators/) exhibit a variety of remarkable characteristics in electrolytic chlorine production technology, making them the preferred material in this field. Their properties are mainly reflected in corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and stability. 
In terms of corrosion resistance, titanium anodes perform exceptionally well. In harsh electrolytic environments, such as high chloride ion concentrations, high temperatures, and strong acids or bases, titanium anodes can maintain long-term stable operation, and their surfaces are not easily corroded or damaged. This excellent corrosion resistance not only extends the service life of the equipment but also reduces maintenance costs due to material corrosion. Studies have shown that under specific electrolytic conditions, the service life of titanium anodes can reach several decades. 
Titanium anodes also have good electrical conductivity. During the electrolysis process, the electrical conductivity of the anode material directly affects the electrolytic efficiency and energy consumption. Titanium anodes have a low resistivity and can effectively conduct current, thereby reducing energy consumption during the electrolysis process. Compared with traditional lead-based alloy anodes, titanium anodes have obvious advantages in electrical conductivity . 
Titanium anodes also possess good mechanical strength and stability. In the electrolytic chlorine production process, the anode needs to withstand high current densities and electrolytic pressures. Titanium anodes have high strength and hardness, and can withstand these harsh working conditions without deformation or damage. At the same time, their stability ensures that the performance of the anode does not change significantly during long-term electrolysis. 
The excellent properties of titanium anodes make them have broad application prospects in electrolytic chlorine production technology. With the continuous progress of science and technology and in-depth research, the performance of titanium anodes will be further improved, providing more efficient and environmentally friendly solutions for water treatment, industrial cooling, and other fields.

#### The application of titanium anodes in the electrolytic production of chlorine

Titanium anodes play a crucial role in the electrolytic chlorine production technology, mainly manifested in improving the electrolytic efficiency and the quality of chlorine production. This is attributed to the excellent corrosion resistance, good conductivity, and stable mechanical strength of titanium anodes . 
During the electrolytic chlorine production process, titanium anodes can effectively reduce the electrolytic energy consumption and electrode wear, thereby enhancing the overall electrolytic efficiency. This advantage is largely due to the high conductivity of titanium anodes, which reduces the loss of electrical energy during transmission, allowing more electrical energy to directly act on the electrolytic reaction. At the same time, the corrosion resistance of titanium anodes ensures their long-term stable operation in harsh electrolytic environments, reducing downtime and maintenance due to electrode damage, and further improving the electrolytic efficiency . 
In addition to improving electrolytic efficiency, titanium anodes also have a significant impact on the quality of chlorine production. By optimizing the preparation process and coating materials of titanium anodes, the quality of electrolytic chlorine production and disinfection effect can be effectively improved. For example, using specific coating materials can increase the active surface area of titanium anodes, thereby increasing the generation rate and purity of chlorine gas. Moreover, some new coating materials also have catalytic effects, which can reduce the activation energy of the electrolysis reaction, making the reaction proceed more easily, and thereby improving the quality of chlorine production . 
In practical applications, titanium anodes are usually combined with other materials to form composite electrodes with higher performance. For example, by combining titanium anodes with catalytically active metal oxide coatings, the electrolytic efficiency and chlorine production quality can be further improved. This composite electrode not only has the excellent characteristics of titanium anodes but also combines the catalytic effect of coating materials, achieving efficient and stable operation of electrolytic chlorine production technology [26]. 
The wide application of titanium anodes in electrolytic chlorine production technology is also due to its excellent environmental performance. Compared with traditional graphite, lead-based alloy, and other anode materials, titanium anodes generate less environmental pollution during production and use. This meets the urgent demand of the current society for green and environmentally friendly technologies, and also provides a broader application prospect for titanium anodes in the field of electrolytic chlorine production . 
The application of titanium anodes in electrolytic chlorine production technology has significant advantages and broad prospects. By continuously optimizing the preparation process of titanium anodes and the selection of coating materials, the efficiency and chlorine production quality of electrolytic chlorine production can be further improved, providing more efficient and environmentally friendly solutions for water treatment, industrial cooling and other fields.
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During the process of electrolytic chlorine production using titanium anodes, several key parameters have a significant impact on the electrolysis efficiency and the quality of chlorine produced. These parameters include the electrolyte concentration, current density, electrolysis temperature, electrolysis time, and electrode spacing, etc. 
The electrolyte concentration is one of the important factors affecting the electrolysis efficiency. An appropriate electrolyte concentration can enhance the conductivity of ions in the solution, thereby increasing the electrolysis speed. However, an excessively high electrolyte concentration may cause crystallization and clogging on the electrode surface, which will affect the electrolysis effect. Therefore, in practical operations, a balance point needs to be found to ensure the best electrolysis performance. 
The current density is another crucial parameter. A higher current density can accelerate the electrolysis reaction rate, but it may also lead to excessive electrode wear and a decline in energy efficiency. The setting of a reasonable current density needs to take into account multiple aspects such as electrolysis efficiency, electrode lifespan, and energy consumption. 
The electrolysis temperature and electrolysis time are also indispensable. An appropriate electrolysis temperature can reduce the resistivity of the electrolyte, improving the electrolysis efficiency; while a reasonable electrolysis time can ensure sufficient electrolysis reactions and avoid unnecessary energy consumption and electrode wear. 
The electrode spacing is also a parameter that needs to be optimized. A too small electrode spacing may cause short circuits and electrode wear, while a too large spacing will reduce the electrolysis efficiency. Therefore, in practical applications, it needs to be adjusted according to specific circumstances. 
To optimize these key parameters, in-depth analysis can be conducted through experimental research and mathematical modeling. For example, orthogonal experimental design can be used to explore the influence of different parameter combinations on electrolysis efficiency and chlorine production quality; at the same time, mathematical models can be used to predict and optimize the electrolysis process to achieve more efficient electrolytic chlorine production. 
By optimizing the key parameters such as electrolyte concentration, current density, electrolysis temperature, electrolysis time, and electrode spacing, the efficiency and chlorine production quality of titanium anode electrolytic chlorine production can be significantly improved. This not only promotes the development of electrolytic chlorine production technology but also provides more efficient and environmentally friendly solutions for related fields.

## MMO Anodes for Cathodic Protection
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/mmo-anodes-cathodic-protection/
> Mixed metal oxide coated titanium (MMO/Ti) anode is often used as auxilary anode in impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system to prevent metallic structures immersed in.

[MMO anodes for cathodic protection](https://www.ti-electrode.com/mmo-coated-titanium-anodes/), It adopts titanium as the base material, thus being easy to be processed into various required shapes, and is lightweight and convenient to install. Titanium anodes for impressed current cathodic protection come in various shapes such as strip-shaped and tubular. As the electrode surface is covered with a highly catalytically active oxide layer, the potential of the titanium substrate exposed at some surface defects usually does not exceed 2V. Therefore, the surface passivation film of the titanium substrate will not be broken down and damaged (when used in soil, the applied voltage is generally controlled below 60V). The mixed metal oxide anode also has extremely excellent physical, chemical and electrochemical properties. The resistivity of its coating is 10-7Ω.m, with small polarization and low consumption rate. By adjusting the composition of the oxide layer, it can be made suitable for different environments, such as seawater, fresh water and soil. 
The service life of the mixed metal oxide anode in the ground bed can reach 20 years at A working current density of 100A/m ², with a consumption rate of approximately 0.1 mg/ A. Even when the current density reaches 1000A/ m ², the electrode will not show passivation or dissolution phenomena, and its performance is reliable. Under the protection conditions of shallow soil and deep soil containers, the anode used for cathodic protection has a service life of ≥20 years at a current density of 100A/m². 
For titanium anodes used in cathodic protection under seawater medium conditions, the service life is ≥20 years at a current density of 600A/m². Due to the advantages that mixed metal oxide titanium anodes have that other anodes do not possess, it has become the most ideal and promising auxiliary anode material at present.Impressed current cathodic protection is an effective method to prevent corrosion of metal structures in media such as seawater, fresh water and soil. In the impressed current cathodic protection system, the auxiliary anode plays a crucial role, and its performance directly affects the efficiency and reliability of cathodic protection. There are many materials that can be used as auxiliary anodes, such as graphite, high-silicon cast iron, lead-silver alloys, platinum-plated or platinum composite anodes (platinum/titanium, platinum/niobium, platinum/tantalum), and titanium-based metal oxide anodes, etc. Among various auxiliary anodes, titanium-based metal oxide anodes have been increasingly applied in impressed current cathodic protection projects due to their excellent electrochemical activity, low consumption rate, long service life, good environmental adaptability (including seawater, fresh water, soil and other media), and high cost performance. It represents the development and application direction of high-performance auxiliary anode materials.

[Titanium based MMO anodes](https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/titanium-anode-rod/) are composed by coating a mixed metal oxide layer with electrocatalytic activity on a titanium substrate. Titanium as the anode substrate not only has good processability. Moreover, it has the characteristics of valve metals. When the titanium substrate is exposed on the anode surface, the anode current will be discharged from the surface with a mixed metal oxide coating, and a passivation film will form on the exposed substrate surface, protecting the substrate. Other valve metals such as niobium and tantalum can also be used as anode substrates. They have higher stability than titanium, but are more expensive and are usually only adopted in situations where titanium is not suitable. Therefore, titanium is widely used as the matrix for platinum composite anodes and mixed metal oxide anodes.

#### Titanium anode strip

Titanium anode strip At present, it has been used as an auxiliary anode in cathodic protection systems, typically for cathodic protection of ground storage tank bottom plates and reinforced concrete structures. When mixed metal oxide anode strips are used for cathodic protection of the outer wall of storage tank bottom plates with external current, they are generally laid perpendicularly to titanium conductive strips, and the intersection points are spot-welded with a special welding machine to form an anode network. The connection is made with anode-specific connectors.

The mixed metal oxide anode band is composed of a layer of metal oxide with electrocatalytic activity covering a titanium substrate. The oxide coating has small polarization and extremely low consumption rate. By adjusting the composition of the oxide layer, it can be adapted to different environments, such as seawater, fresh water, and soil media. Because the mixed metal oxide anode strip has advantages that other anodes do not possess, it has become the most ideal and promising auxiliary anode material at present.

Common specifications of anode bands: 
Mixed metal oxide films: IrO2, Ta2O5 
Specification: Width 6.35mm, thickness 0.635mm 
Standard length: 152 meters per roll 
Common specifications of titanium conductive sheets: 
The composition of titanium: ASTMB 265 Gr1 
Specification: Width 12.7mm, thickness 0.90mm 
Standard length: 152 meters per roll

 

## The Application of Titanium Anodes in the Electrochemical Industry
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/anode-applications/
> The application of titanium anodes in the electrochemical industry comprehensively and deeply explores the material properties.
_

The Definition and Structure of
Titanium Anodes
_

Titanium anode, whose full name is titanium-based metal oxide coated electrode (MMO), also known as dimensionally stable anode (DSA), is an insoluble anode that plays a crucial role in electrochemical processes. It is an electrode material composed of a titanium substrate with a layer of electrocatalytically active metal oxide coating applied to its surface through a specific process. This unique structural design endows the titanium anode with excellent properties, enabling the mixed metal oxide coated titanium anode to be widely used in the electrochemical field. 
The titanium substrate is the supporting framework of the titanium anode, and industrial pure titanium materials such as TA1 and TA2 are usually selected. Titanium materials have the characteristics of low density, high strength, resistance to high temperatures, good processing performance, and excellent corrosion resistance. In various harsh electrochemical environments, the titanium substrate can maintain a stable physical shape and mechanical properties, providing a solid and reliable support for the surface coating. It ensures that the entire electrode will not be deformed or damaged during the long-term electrolysis process, and guarantees the long-term stable operation of the electrode. 
The metal oxide coating is the core functional part of the titanium anode. It is coated on the surface of the titanium substrate with precious metal oxides (such as platinum, ruthenium, iridium, etc.) and non-precious metal oxides in a certain proportion and process. These oxides have the characteristics of stable chemical composition and a dense crystal structure, endowing the titanium anode with good electrical conductivity and excellent electrocatalytic performance. The existence of the coating not only makes up for the insufficient electrical conductivity of titanium itself, but also can significantly reduce the overpotential of electrode reactions such as oxygen evolution and chlorine evolution. In the chloride electrolyte system, the titanium anode with a ruthenium-based oxide coating can effectively reduce the overpotential of chlorine evolution, enabling the electrolysis process to proceed smoothly at a relatively low voltage, thus saving a large amount of electrical energy and improving the electrolysis efficiency. The chemical composition and microstructure of the coating can be precisely regulated according to different application requirements to achieve efficient catalysis of specific electrode reactions. In situations where high oxygen evolution activity is required, a mixed metal oxide coating mainly composed of iridium dioxide can be used, and the proportion and distribution of various elements in the coating can be optimized to enhance the catalytic ability of the electrode for the oxygen evolution reaction.In the modern industrial system, the electrochemical industry holds a pivotal position. It has a wide range of application fields, covering several key industries such as the chlor-alkali industry, electroplating, electrolytic metallurgy, wastewater treatment, and new energy development. As the core component of the electrochemical process, the performance of electrode materials is directly related to the production efficiency, product quality, and cost control of the entire electrochemical industry. Among numerous electrode materials, titanium anodes have become a crucial factor in promoting the development of the electrochemical industry due to their unique physical and chemical properties and excellent electrochemical performance. 
[Titanium anodes](https://www.ti-electrode.com/mmo-coated-titanium-anodes/) generally refer to electrode materials with titanium as the substrate and a surface coated with a layer of metal oxide coating that has specific catalytic activity and corrosion resistance. Titanium metal itself has advantages such as low density, high strength, resistance to high temperatures, and outstanding corrosion resistance. These characteristics enable titanium anodes to maintain stable performance in various harsh electrochemical environments. The presence of the surface coating further endows titanium anodes with good electrical conductivity, high catalytic activity, and a relatively low overpotential for oxygen or chlorine evolution, thus significantly improving the efficiency of the electrode reaction.With the increasing global emphasis on environmental protection, the field of wastewater treatment has become a new hotspot for the application of electrochemical technologies. Titanium anodes perform excellently in wastewater treatment technologies such as electrocatalytic oxidation and electro-Fenton. Under the action of an electric field, it can generate highly oxidizing free radicals, such as hydroxyl radicals (・OH). These free radicals can rapidly decompose the organic pollutants in wastewater, mineralizing them into carbon dioxide and water, thus achieving the harmless treatment of wastewater. Studies have shown that the electrocatalytic oxidation technology using titanium anodes can achieve a COD removal rate of over 80% for wastewater containing refractory organic pollutants, such as printing and dyeing wastewater and pharmaceutical wastewater. This significantly improves the biodegradability of the wastewater, creating favorable conditions for subsequent biological treatment. 
In the field of new energy, with the continuous growth of the demand for clean energy, the technology of hydrogen production by water electrolysis, as a sustainable hydrogen production method, has received widespread attention. Titanium anodes exhibit high oxygen evolution activity and stability during the water electrolysis process, which can effectively reduce the electrolysis voltage and improve the hydrogen production efficiency. In addition, in the research and development of new types of batteries, such as vanadium redox flow batteries and zinc-air batteries, titanium anodes also serve as key electrode materials, making important contributions to improving the energy density, cycle life, and charge-discharge efficiency of the batteries.

In the electroplating industry, titanium anodes also play an irreplaceable role. During the electroplating process, the anode needs to have good electrical conductivity and stability to ensure that metal ions can be uniformly deposited on the surface of the plated parts. Titanium anodes can not only meet these requirements, but also achieve precise control of the electroplating process by optimizing the composition and structure of the coating, thus obtaining high-quality, uniform and dense coatings. For example, in the chromium plating process, the use of titanium anodes can effectively reduce the generation of chromium mist and lower environmental pollution. At the same time, it can improve the hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the chromium plating layer, enhancing the market competitiveness of the products.In different electrochemical industrial applications, the working principles and electrochemical reaction processes of titanium anodes have both commonalities and certain differences. Taking two typical fields, namely the chlor-alkali industry and the production of electrolytic copper foil, as examples can help us understand the working mechanism of titanium anodes more clearly. 
In the chlor-alkali industry, the electrolysis of saturated brine is its core process. As an insoluble anode, the titanium anode plays a crucial role in this process. When direct current passes through the electrolytic cell, an oxidation reaction occurs on the surface of the titanium anode. Chloride ions lose electrons at the anode and are oxidized to chlorine gas, which escapes in the form of gas. At the cathode, a reduction reaction takes place. Water molecules gain electrons at the cathode, generating hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions. As the electrolysis continues, chlorine gas is produced in the anode chamber, and hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide solution are produced in the cathode chamber, thus achieving the production of the main products in the chlor-alkali industry. 
The reason why the titanium anode can efficiently promote this process is that its surface coating has good electrocatalytic activity for the chlorine evolution reaction, which can reduce the overpotential of the reaction, enabling the electrochemical reaction to proceed smoothly at a relatively low voltage. This improves the electrolysis efficiency and reduces the energy consumption. At the same time, the high corrosion resistance of the titanium substrate ensures that the electrode can operate stably for a long time in the strongly corrosive brine environment, extending the service life of the electrode and reducing the equipment maintenance cost. 
In the production of electrolytic copper foil, the titanium anode also plays an important role. The production of electrolytic copper foil usually takes place in a copper sulfate electrolyte system. During the electrolysis process, the titanium anode, as the positive pole of the current, provides electrons for the entire electrochemical reaction. The main electrochemical reaction occurring on the anode surface is the oxidation reaction of water, that is, water molecules lose electrons at the anode to generate oxygen gas and hydrogen ions. At the cathode, copper ions gain electrons and are reduced to metallic copper, which is deposited on the surface of the cathode to form copper foil. In this process, the good electrical conductivity of the titanium anode can stably transfer the current to the electrolyte, ensuring the smooth progress of the electrolysis reaction. Meanwhile, the corrosion resistance of the titanium anode makes it less likely to be corroded in the strongly acidic electrolyte containing copper ions and sulfuric acid, enabling it to work stably for a long time and thus ensuring the stable operation of the electrolytic copper foil production line. In addition, by optimizing the coating structure and composition of the titanium anode, its catalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction can be further improved, the cell voltage can be reduced, the electrolysis efficiency can be increased, and at the same time, the energy consumption and production cost can be reduced.
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__The Application of Titanium Anodes in the Electrochemical Industry03/07/2025
__MMO COATED TITANIUM ANODES12/06/2024
__Classification of coated titanium anode07/25/2024
__Titanium anode plate07/11/2024
__Titanium anode tube for cathodic protection07/03/2024
_

Classification of Titanium Anodes
_

The classification of titanium anodes is mainly based on the functions of their surface catalytic coatings. Different coatings determine the specific roles and application fields of titanium anodes in electrochemical reactions. Common types of titanium anodes include chlorine evolution anodes and oxygen evolution anodes. 
Chlorine evolution anodes are mainly applied in chloride electrolyte systems, such as in the electrolysis of saturated brine in the chlor-alkali industry and the electrolysis of seawater. Their surfaces are usually coated with ruthenium-based oxide coatings, such as Ru-Ir-Ti anodes, Ru-Ir-Sn-Ti anodes, etc. In a chloride electrolyte, chloride ions undergo an oxidation reaction on the anode surface to form chlorine gas. The key role of the chlorine evolution anode is to reduce the overpotential of this reaction, enabling chlorine gas to be released smoothly at a relatively low voltage. Taking the chlor-alkali industry as an example, during the electrolysis of saturated brine, the presence of the chlorine evolution anode makes this reaction proceed efficiently. The ruthenium-based coating has good electrocatalytic activity, which can effectively promote the oxidation of chloride ions and improve the efficiency of chlorine evolution. For a chlorine evolution anode with a ruthenium-based coating, the overpotential for chlorine evolution is reduced by approximately 100 - 150mV compared to the traditional graphite anode, greatly improving the electrolysis efficiency and reducing energy consumption. In addition, this type of anode has excellent corrosion resistance in chloride solutions and can maintain stable performance during a long-term electrolysis process, ensuring the continuity and stability of chlor-alkali production. 
Oxygen evolution anodes are mainly used in sulfate electrolyte systems and play an important role in electroplating, hydrogen production by water electrolysis, and some wastewater treatment processes. Their coatings are usually mainly composed of iridium-based oxides, such as Ir-Ta anodes, Ir-Ta-Sn anodes, high-iridium anodes, etc. In these electrolytes, water or other oxygen-containing ions undergo an oxidation reaction on the anode surface to form oxygen. The main function of the oxygen evolution anode is to efficiently catalyze this oxygen evolution process. An oxygen evolution anode with an iridium-based coating can significantly reduce the overpotential for oxygen evolution and improve the efficiency of water electrolysis. Experimental data shows that for a water electrolysis device using an oxygen evolution anode with an iridium-based coating, under the same conditions, the overpotential for oxygen evolution is reduced by 0.2 - 0.3V compared to a common electrode, greatly improving the hydrogen production efficiency and reducing energy consumption. At the same time, the oxygen evolution anode has good stability in acidic and highly oxidizing electrolytes and can adapt to complex electrochemical environments, ensuring the smooth progress of electrochemical reactions. 
In addition to the above two main types, there are also some titanium anodes for special purposes. The platinum-plated anode (platinum titanium mesh/platinum titanium plate) uses titanium as the base material and has a precious metal platinum plated on its surface, with a coating thickness generally of 1~5μm. The platinum-plated anode has extremely high chemical stability and catalytic activity and is often used in fields with extremely high requirements for electrode performance, such as precision electroplating and the manufacturing of electronic devices. It can ensure the provision of a stable current and efficient electrocatalytic effect in complex electrochemical environments, thus obtaining a high-quality coating or achieving a high-precision electrochemical reaction.

 

 

 

## MMO COATED TITANIUM ANODES
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/mmo-coated-titanium-anodes/
> Find out why MMO coated titanium anodes are the ideal choice for corrosion prevention and electrolysis processes.

MMO coated [titanium anodes](https://www.ti-electrode.com/titanium-anode/) comprise a family of electrodes made from commercially pure titanium to which an electro catalytic layer is applied by thermal decomposition. The electro catalytic layers is composed of a mixture of noble and valve metal oxides, the selection of which and their ratio is dictated by the electrolyte conditions in which the anode is immersed.
**These anodes can be used to advantage in aggressive solutions or other difficult applications.**
The manufacturing route of MMO coated titanium anodes varies depending on the composition of the electro catalytic layer. In general the route involves multiple applications by thermal decomposition of mixtures of noble metals as their oxides.
_

MMO
Titanium Anodes
_

Sodium hypochlorite generator is a device for electrolyzing low concentrations of sodium salt to produce sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite, which oxidizes a variety of harmful substances in water, is a strong oxidizing agent and disinfectant. It is good, safe and convenient to use it to sterilize water.
MMO coated titanium anodes

,[Ru Ir titanium anode,](https://www.ti-electrode.com/titanium-anode-plate/)[Titanium anode](https://www.ti-electrode.com/ruthenium-iridium-coated-titanium-anodes/)
Sodium hypochlorite generator is widely used in industrial, agricultural, various water treatment and environmental disinfection. It covers many fields, such as industrial circulating water chlorination, hospital sewage treatment, table-ware disinfection, ward disinfection, drinking water disinfection, water disinfection in the swimming pool and the hotel, cyanide - containing industrial wastewater treatment, pulp bleaching, fiber bleaching, industrial wastewater treatment in electronics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides and chemical areas, as well as poultry drinking water and environmental disinfection, etc..
__Titanium anode for electrolytic chlorine production
__Titanium anode for making chlorine from electrolytic salt water
__Titanium anode for electrolytic copper foil
__Copper foil titanium anode

#### Features of Sodium Hypochlorite Generator Equipment:

Quanjin Industry & trade type sodium hypochlorite generator is a reaction combination generator, for salt dissolving, dilute salt water deploying, dosing and sodium hypochlorite cycling all occur in a trough. It has the advantages of less cost, small occupation space, quick launch and flexible setting.

Quanjin Industry & trade type sodium hypochlorite generator is a combination of tubular, internal cooling, unipolar and string phase. The matrix of the Quanjin Industry & trade sodium hypochlorite generator anode is titanium, which is coated with ruthenium dioxide, bearing the advantages of low potential and long span life. Each of it occurs successively 200-300 hours for each time under normal operation. Quanjin Industry & trade type sodium hypochlorite generator processes in diaphragm-type natural circulation form. Therefore, salt utilization is high, so does the electrolysis process current efficiency. Quanjin Industry & trade type sodium hypochlorite generator has the advantages of high yield, low energy consumption and low operating costs.

**The Sodium Hypochlorite Generator Working Principle**
Salt solution contains ions like Na+, H+, OH- and Cl-. According to the theory of electrolysis, whileinserting electrode at a certain voltage, electrolyte solution conducts due to the movement of ions andthe electrode reaction. Then, Cl-, OH- and other negative ions move towards the anode, and Na +, H + andother positive ions move towards the cathode, and the corresponding electrode discharge occurs,oxidation-reduction reaction takes place and generate corresponding materials. The electrolysis processof the brine solution is expressed by the following reaction equation: NaCl+H2O→NaClO+H2↑
__MMO coated titanium anodes
__MMO coated titanium anodes

## Classification of coated titanium anode
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/classification-of-coated-titanium-anode/
> Learn about the classification of coated titanium anode and how it is used in various industries. Find out the different types and their applications.

Coated titanium anode, also known as titanium-based mixed precious metal oxide coated titanium anodes (mmo) or DSA anodes (Dimensionally Stable Anodes), are classified based on their functions and properties.

#### The main classifications include:

- **Chlorine-evolving anode (Ruthenium iridium titanium anode)**: These are used in environments with a high content of chloride ions in the electrolyte, such as hydrochloric acid, seawater electrolysis, and brine electrolysis.
- **Oxygen-evolving anode (Iridium tantalum titanium anode):** Applied in electrolytes that are mainly sulfuric acid.
- **Platinum-coated anode (platinum coated anode):** With a titanium substrate and a precious metal platinum coating, typically with a thickness of 1-5 microns.
- **Lead titanium dioxide anode**:
__Titanium anode for making chlorine from electrolytic salt water
__Titanium anode for electrolyzing seawater to chlorine

#### Precautions for the use of coated titanium anode

- **Installation:** 
Ensure the anode is firmly installed to prevent loosening during operation, which could affect current conduction and electrolysis efficiency. 
Keep the spacing between electrodes uniform for a balanced electric field distribution.
- **Current control:** 
Avoid excessive current density as it might cause overheating and damage to the coating, shortening the anode's lifespan. 
Maintain stable current to prevent adverse effects on the coating due to frequent fluctuations.
- **Electrolyte environment:** 
Strictly control the content of harmful ions in the electrolyte, such as fluoride ions, cyanide ions, and sulfide ions. The fluoride ion content should generally be controlled within 100 ppm. 
Keep the pH value of the electrolyte within an appropriate range. Extreme acidity or alkalinity could adversely affect the anode performance.
- **Operation procedures:** 
Do not reverse the polarity when there is no coating on the cathode to avoid damaging the anode. 
Minimize frequent power outages as prolonged soaking in the solution without current can harm the coating.
- **Temperature control:** 
Be cautious of the temperature during the electrolysis process. Excessive temperature may lead to a decline in coating performance.
- **Regular inspection and maintenance:** 
Periodically inspect the anode's appearance for any coating peeling or damage. 
Promptly repair or replace anodes with issues.

For instance, in a certain chemical electrolysis production, failure to strictly control the fluoride ion content in the electrolyte led to rapid corrosion of the coating on the titanium anode, resulting in the need for premature replacement and increased production costs. Another example is that in another enterprise, improper control of the current density during use caused overheating of the anode, significantly reducing its lifespan. 
In conclusion, adhering strictly to these precautions when using coated titanium anodes helps to maximize their performance, extend their service life, and enhance production efficiency.

## Titanium anode plate
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/titanium-anode-plate/
> Looking for a high-performance anode plate? Explore the advantages of titanium anode plates and how they can enhance your electroplating applications.
__Coated titanium anode plate
__Chrome-plated titanium anode plate

#### The coating materials of coated [titanium anode plate](https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/chloride-generator/) usually include the following types:

- **Platinum group metal oxides:** This constitutes a common main component, such as ruthenium oxide (RuO₂), iridium oxide (IrO₂), and others. Among them, ruthenium oxide exhibits excellent chlorine evolution performance in environments with a high chloride ion content, like the seawater medium; iridium oxide demonstrates good electrocatalytic activity and corrosion resistance in oxygen evolution environments and is frequently utilized in environments with low or no chloride ion content, such as soil or fresh water medium, and reinforced concrete medium, etc.
- **Iridium tantalum oxides:** The iridium tantalum coating also presents satisfactory performance.
- **Ruthenium iridium platinum:** Some coatings may incorporate combinations of ruthenium iridium platinum.

These precious metal oxide coatings possess the advantages of low resistivity, favorable conductivity, stable chemical composition, and crystal structure, etc. They can enhance the electrocatalytic performance of coated [titanium anode](https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/titanium-anode-for-electrolytic-copper-foil/) plate, reduce the overpotential of oxygen evolution or chlorine evolution reactions, improve corrosion resistance, and prolong service life. In practical applications, the selection of which coating material typically depends on the specific usage environment and electrolysis requirements.

Different coating materials have their respective advantages in different electrolyte systems and industrial applications. For instance, in fields such as the chlor-alkali industry, it is necessary to select the appropriate coating in accordance with the production process and medium conditions to ensure the efficient and stable operation and long service life of the anode. In some special application scenarios, other coating materials with specific compositions might also be developed and employed to meet higher performance requirements.
__titanium anode plate
__titanium anode plate

#### Titanium anode plate have the following significant functions:

- In the electrolysis industry, such as the production of chlorine gas and caustic soda in the chlor-alkali industry, titanium anode plate can carry out electrolysis reactions efficiently, enhancing production efficiency.
- In the electroplating field, they contribute to obtaining uniform and high-quality coatings, improving electroplating effects.
- In wastewater treatment, through electrochemical oxidation, they promote the decomposition of organic pollutants to achieve the purpose of purifying wastewater.
- They play a crucial role in the process of metal extraction and refining, increasing the purity and extraction rate of metals.
- In the cathodic protection system, they serve as auxiliary anodes to prevent metal structures from being corroded.

[titanium anode plate](https://www.ti-electrode.com/titanium-anode-plate/) have indispensable and important roles in multiple industrial fields, providing strong support for the optimization and improvement of related processes.

#### TITANIUM ANODE Manufacture

#### Some precautions for the use of titanium anode plate

- **Avoid mechanical damage:** During handling, installation and use, operate carefully to prevent the titanium anode plate from mechanical damage such as collision and scratching, so as not to affect its performance and service life.
- **Control current density:** According to the specifications and performance of the titanium anode plate, the current density should be controlled reasonably to avoid excessive current causing excessive polarization and damage of the anode plate.
- **Prevent chemical corrosion:** Avoid the titanium anode plate from contacting substances with strong corrosivity such as strong acids and strong alkalis. When used in a specific electrolyte, ensure that the composition and concentration of the electrolyte are within the tolerance range of the anode plate. 
**Keep the surface clean:** Regularly clean the dirt, sediments, etc. on the surface of the titanium anode plate to maintain good conductive performance and electrocatalytic activity.
- **Temperature control:** Pay attention to the temperature of the operating environment. Too high or too low temperature may affect the performance and stability of the titanium anode plate.
- **Firm installation:** Ensure that the titanium anode plate is firmly installed in the equipment to avoid poor contact or local overheating due to looseness.
- **Regular inspection and maintenance:** Regularly inspect the titanium anode plate and promptly detect and handle possible problems such as coating shedding and corrosion.
- **Follow operating procedures:** Use the titanium anode plate strictly in accordance with relevant operating procedures and safety regulations to ensure the safety and stability of the production process.

correct use and maintenance of [titanium anode](https://www.ti-electrode.com/ruthenium-iridium-coated-titanium-anodes/) plates can give full play to their performance, extend service life, and improve production efficiency and quality.

## Titanium anode tube for cathodic protection
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/titanium-anode-tube/
> Enhance the durability of metal structures with ICCP titanium anode tube. Discover the benefits of this corrosion protection technology.

ICCP(Impressed Current Cathodic Protection) is a corrosion protection technology widely used in metal structures. It applies an external current to the surface of the metal structure to reduce or eliminate corrosion of the metal structure.

#### How does the impressed current anode work?

Impressed current cathodic protection is a very effective method to resist corrosion. This technique requires the application of current from an external source, usually using an impressed current anode.

Cathodic protection is carried out by an electrochemical process in which a direct current is applied to the ICCP anode and electrons are subsequently released onto the metal surface to inhibit corrosion. This method can be very effective in protecting metals from corrosion, whether they are submerged or buried.

Impressed current cathodic protection systems work by connecting the ICCP anode and cathode to a direct current (DC) power supply. The impressed current anode is connected directly to the metal structure to be protected, while the cathode is grounded. After the DC power supply is started, a small amount of current flows through the anode and cathode, creating a potential difference between them. This potential difference causes an electrochemical reaction at the impressed current anode, resulting in the release of electrons into the metal. These electrons then interact with the metal surface to form a protective layer that prevents further corrosion.

#### ICCP MMO titanium anode tube

The ICCP MMO titanium anode tube, also known as a mixed metal oxide tubular anode, is a specially designed anode that features a titanium substrate coated with a conductive and electrocatalytic active metal oxide. These anodes exhibit excellent versatility and are suitable for use in a variety of environments, including fresh water, salt water, soil and seawater.

MMO Titanium anode tubes offer an excellent alternative to traditional high silicon cast iron anodes in a variety of applications. It is often used for cathodic protection purposes such as pipeline storage tanks, shallow buried anode and deep buried anode. The unique construction of these anodes gives them several key advantages over traditional options.

One of the main advantages of the ICCP [MMO titanium anode](https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/titanium-anode-rod/) tube is its lightweight nature, which makes installation and operation much easier compared to heavier alternatives. In addition, these anodes have a long service life due to their robust construction and corrosion resistance, ensuring long-term reliable performance.

In addition, MMO titanium anode tubes offer a good price/performance ratio, making them an attractive option for organizations seeking to balance performance and cost effectiveness. By understanding the specific features and benefits of MMO titanium anode tubes, users can make informed decisions to ensure optimal cathodic protection in a variety of challenging environments.

#### Application of ICCP mmo titanium anode tube

ICCP (Impressed Current Cathodic Protection) MMO (Mixed Metal Oxide) titanium anode tubes have wide applications. They are commonly used in various industries for corrosion protection of metal structures. 
One major application is in the marine industry. Ships, offshore platforms, and underwater pipelines can be protected from corrosion by using ICCP systems with MMO titanium anode tubes. This helps extend the lifespan and reliability of these structures in the harsh marine environment. 
In the oil and gas sector, they are employed for protecting storage tanks, pipelines, and refinery equipment from corrosion. 
Another application is in the water and wastewater treatment industry. Tanks and pipes in these facilities can be safeguarded to prevent premature deterioration. 
ICCP MMO titanium anode tubes also find use in infrastructure projects such as bridges and underground pipelines, ensuring their durability and safety over time. 
The key advantage of these anode tubes is their long service life, high efficiency, and excellent electrochemical performance, making them a preferred choice for effective cathodic protection in diverse industrial settings.

#### ICCP Common Specifications of Titanium Anode Tubes

## Problems related to titanium anode
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/problems-related/
> Enhance your electrochemical processes with titanium anodes. Explore the various benefits they offer in terms of longevity and resistance to corrosion.
__Titanium anode module

#### What is a coated titanium anode?

A coated titanium anode is a type of electrode made of titanium as the base material and coated with a special layer of electrocatalytically active substances. 
The titanium provides a stable and durable substrate, while the coating typically consists of oxides of metals such as ruthenium, iridium, or other precious metals. These coatings enhance the anode electrochemical performance and corrosion resistance. 
Coated titanium anode are widely used in various electrochemical processes such as electroplating, water treatment, and chlorine production. They offer several advantages over traditional anode materials, including higher efficiency, longer service life, and better resistance to harsh chemical environments.

#### Coated titanium anode classification

**Coated titanium anodes can be classified in several ways:** 
Based on the coating composition: Different coating materials such as ruthenium oxide (RuO₂), iridium oxide (IrO₂), platinum (Pt), and their combinations can result in distinct anode types. 
According to the application field: They can be classified for use in electrochemical industries like chlor-alkali production, electroplating, water treatment, and metal extraction. 
By the coating method: Different coating techniques, such as thermal decomposition, sol-gel, and sputtering, can lead to variations in the anode performance and properties. 
Considering the current density range: Anodes can be classified based on their ability to handle low, medium, or high current densities. 
In terms of durability and lifetime: Some coated titanium anodes are designed for short-term applications, while others are engineered for long-term and highly demanding operations. 
The classification of coated titanium anodes is important to select the most suitable anode for a specific electrochemical process and to optimize the performance and efficiency of the system.
__Titanium anode mesh for chlorine production
__About titanium anode

#### Can coated titanium anodes be customized to specific application requirements?

Yes, coated titanium anodes can often be customized to specific application requirements. 
The customization can involve aspects such as the composition and ratio of the coating materials to optimize the electrochemical performance for a particular process. For instance, in an application that demands high corrosion resistance, the coating composition can be adjusted to enhance this property. 
The surface area and geometry of the anode can also be tailored to fit the physical constraints and electrochemical conditions of the specific setup. 
Moreover, the current density and potential range requirements of the application can be met by modifying the coating thickness and microstructure. 
However, customization often requires detailed communication between the user and the manufacturer to ensure that the final product precisely meets the specific needs and operating conditions of the intended application.

#### What factors should be considered in customizing the coating of a titanium anode?

**When customizing the coating of a titanium anode, several key factors should be considered:**

**The nature of the electrochemical process:** The type of reaction (such as oxidation or reduction), the electrolyte composition, and the operating conditions (e.g., temperature, pH) determine the requirements for the coating's chemical stability and catalytic activity.

- **Current density and potential:** The expected current density and potential range influence the coating's conductivity and electrochemical stability. A higher current density may require a coating with better electron transfer properties.
- **Corrosion resistance:** The environment in which the anode operates, including the presence of aggressive ions or chemicals, dictates the need for a coating with high corrosion resistance to ensure a long service life.
- **Durability and lifetime: **The frequency and duration of use, as well as the expected maintenance intervals, impact the choice of coating materials and their thickness to guarantee adequate durability.
- **Cost: **The materials and processing methods used for the coating can significantly affect the overall cost. A balance must be struck between performance and economic feasibility.
- **Selectivity:** If the process requires selectivity towards a particular reaction or substance, the coating composition and structure can be engineered to achieve this.
- **Compatibility with the cathode:** The interaction between the anode and cathode in the electrochemical system needs to be considered to ensure efficient and stable operation.
- **Surface morphology:** The surface roughness and topography of the coating can affect mass transfer and bubble release, influencing the performance of the anode.

 

#### Coated titanium anode applications：

**Coated titanium anodes have a wide range of applications due to their excellent electrochemical properties. Some common applications include:**

- **Chlor-alkali industry:** They are used in the electrolysis of brine to produce chlorine and caustic soda. The coated titanium anode provides high efficiency and durability in this process.
- **Electroplating:** Coated titanium anodes help improve the quality and uniformity of the plating process, reducing energy consumption and increasing productivity.
- **Water treatment:** In processes like disinfection (electrochemical oxidation of contaminants) and the generation of ozone for water purification, these anodes play a crucial role.
- **Metal extraction:** Such as in the extraction of metals like copper, zinc, and nickel from their ores through electrolytic methods.
- **Wastewater treatment:** To remove pollutants such as organic compounds and heavy metals through electrochemical reactions.
- **Swimming pool sanitation:** By generating chlorine or other disinfectants through electrolysis.
- **Batteries and fuel cells:** In some advanced battery and fuel cell designs, coated titanium anodes can enhance performance and longevity.
- **Surface treatment:** For processes like anodizing and electro-polishing of metals.

The specific application depends on the properties of the coating, the operating conditions, and the requirements of the electrochemical process.

## Ruthenium Iridium Coated Titanium Anode
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/ruthenium-iridium-coated-titanium-anodes/
> Discover the benefits of Ruthenium Iridium Coated Titanium Anode a cost-effective and practical choice for electrolysis in hydrochloric acid and brine/seawater environments.
__Titanium anodes for salt chlorine generators
__Titanium anode for descaling
__Titanium anode for scaling of cooling water circulation
__Electrolytic chlorine production

#### Which industries use ruthenium iridium coated titanium anode?

Ruthenium-iridium coated titanium anodes are commonly used in the following industries:

- **Electroplating industry:** To enhance the quality and efficiency of the electroplating process of metals.
- **Chlor-alkali industry:** Crucial in the electrolysis of brine to produce chlorine, hydrogen, and sodium hydroxide.
- **Wastewater treatment:** Facilitates the purification of wastewater containing refractory organic compounds through electrolytic oxidation.
- **Hydrometallurgy:** Such as the extraction and refining of metals like copper and zinc.
- **Electronics industry:** Applied in the electrolytic processes during the manufacturing of certain electronic components.
- **Organic synthesis:** Serves as an electrode to promote reactions in some organic chemical reactions.
- **Marine engineering:** For instance, in the anti-corrosion protection of ships.
__
__

##### Ruthenium Iridium Coated Titanium Anode

Ru Ir titanium anodes is dimensionally stable anode (DSA), our ruthenium iridium coated titanium anode are insoluble titanium based anode with a ruthenium iridium oxide coating. Owing to their light weight, good temperature resistance and high mechanical strength, ruthenium-iridium coated electrodes are highly regarded as the most economic and practical choice for use in electrolyte containing a high content of chloride ions generally in the environment of hydrochloric acid and brine/seawater electrolysis.

** Ruthenium Iridium Coated Titanium Anode can be fabricated in forms such as perforated plate, sheet, mesh, rod, wire or basket.**

**MMore than Twenty years of MMO-coated titanium anode manufacturing experience.**Our titanium anode with high selectivity, stable operational performance, remarkable energy efficiency and minimum plant downtime. These Ru-Ir titanium electrodes are widely used in chlor-alkali production, water treatment, water disinfection, primary metal refining, electroplating and many other electrochemical processes in which chlorine evolution represents the key anodic reaction.
__
__

#### What is the production process of ruthenium-iridium coated titanium anode?

**The production process of ruthenium-iridium coated titanium anode typically includes the following steps:**

- Pretreatment of titanium substrate: The titanium substrate is subjected to cleaning and degreasing to remove impurities and contaminants from the surface.
Surface roughening: The surface of the titanium substrate is roughened through mechanical or chemical methods to increase the surface area and improve the adhesion of the coating.
Preparation of coating solution: A solution containing ruthenium and iridium salts is prepared, along with other necessary additives.
Coating application: The coating solution is applied to the titanium substrate by methods such as brushing, spraying, or electroplating.
Thermal treatment: The coated substrate is heated to a specific temperature for a certain period to promote the formation of the desired oxide coating and improve its adhesion and electrochemical performance.
Multiple coating cycles: To achieve the desired coating thickness and quality, the coating and thermal treatment steps may be repeated several times.
Final inspection and quality control: The finished anode is inspected for coating uniformity, thickness, and electrochemical properties to ensure it meets the specified standards.

It should be noted that the specific production process may vary among different manufacturers, and they may have their own proprietary techniques and optimizations to produce high-quality ruthenium-iridium coated titanium anodes.

## What is a coated titanium anode?
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/about-anode/
> Explore the world of coated titanium anodes and their role in electrolysis. Discover how they can improve efficiency and durability.
__Coated titanium anode plate
__Coated titanium anode

#### What are some common coating materials for titanium anodes?

**Some common coating materials for titanium anodes include:**

- Ruthenium oxide (RuO₂): It provides good electrocatalytic activity.
- Iridium oxide (IrO₂): Known for its stability and catalytic properties.
- Platinum (Pt): Offers high catalytic efficiency but is expensive.
- Lead dioxide: has a high oxygen evolution potential.

Mixed metal oxide coated titanium anode, combined with the advantages of different metals to improve electrochemical performance for the purpose. 
The choice of coating material depends on the specific application requirements and operating conditions of the titanium anode.

#### Introduction to coated titanium anode

Coated titanium anode refers to a titanium metal that has a special coating on its surface. 
Titanium is a commonly used base material due to its good corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. The coating on the titanium anode is typically designed to enhance its electrochemical performance, such as improving its catalytic activity and stability. 
These coated titanium anodes are widely used in electrochemical processes, such as electrolysis, electroplating, and some industrial electrochemical reactions. The coating can vary depending on the specific application requirements and may include substances like precious metals or metal oxides. The coating helps to lower the electrode potential, increase the current efficiency, and prolong the service life of the anode.
__mmo titanium anode
__titanium anode mesh

#### What are the advantages of coating titanium anodes?

- **The advantages of coated titanium anodes include:** 
Excellent corrosion resistance: They can withstand harsh chemical environments, reducing the risk of electrode degradation and extending service life.
- **High catalytic activity:** The coating enhances the electrochemical reaction rate, improving the efficiency of processes such as electrolysis and electroplating.
- **Low overpotential:** This leads to energy savings and lower operating costs.
- **Good stability and durability:** They maintain performance over an extended period, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
- **Versatility:** Can be tailored for specific electrochemical applications by adjusting the composition and structure of the coating.
- **Resistance to fouling and passivation:** Minimizing the negative effects of impurities and deposits on electrode performance.
- **Reduced environmental impact:** Due to their higher efficiency and longer lifespan, they can contribute to more sustainable processes.
__

**What is the performance of different coating materials in terms of electrocatalytic activity?** 
The electrocatalytic activity of different coating materials on titanium anodes varies. 
Ruthenium oxide (RuO₂) exhibits relatively high electrocatalytic activity, especially in chlorine evolution reactions. However, it may have some stability issues over long-term use. 
Iridium oxide (IrO₂) is known for its superior stability and decent electrocatalytic activity. It performs well in oxygen evolution reactions and shows better durability compared to RuO₂. 
Platinum (Pt) has extremely high electrocatalytic activity but is prohibitively expensive for large-scale industrial applications. 
Mixed metal oxides like Ru-Ir oxides often provide a balance between activity and stability. The combination of ruthenium and iridium in the correct proportions can result in improved overall performance, combining the high activity of ruthenium with the stability of iridium.

## Titanium anode for PCB horizontal copper plating
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/pcb-horizontal-copper-plating/
> Optimize your PCB horizontal copper plating with a titanium anode. Discover the benefits of using titanium for improved plating performance.
__Titanium anode for horizontal copper plating
__Titanium anode for PCB copper plating
__Titanium anode for PCB copper plating
__Titanium anode for horizontal copper plating

#### Titanium anode for PCB (Printed Circuit Board) horizontal copper plating refers to a titanium electrode used in the process of horizontally electroplating copper on printed circuit boards.

Titanium is often selected as the anode material due to its good corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity. In the copper plating process, the titanium anode plays an important role in providing the necessary electrical current and facilitating the deposition of copper ions onto the PCB surface to form a copper plating layer. 
The use of titanium anodes helps ensure the uniformity and quality of the copper plating, and is an important component in the PCB manufacturing process.

#### How does titanium anode for PCB horizontal copper plating work?

The working principle of the titanium anode for PCB horizontal copper plating is as follows: 
When an electric current is passed through the plating bath, the titanium anode acts as the positive electrode. At the anode, oxidation reactions occur. Water molecules may be oxidized to generate oxygen gas. The titanium anode provides a conductive path for the current and maintains the electrical field in the plating bath. 
Meanwhile, copper ions in the plating solution are attracted to the cathode (the PCB surface to be plated) and are reduced and deposited there, gradually forming a copper plating layer. The titanium anode helps to maintain the stability and uniformity of the plating process by ensuring a proper supply of ions and electric field distribution.
Titanium anode for horizontal copper plating

## About platinum coated titanium anode
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/about-platinum-coated-titanium-anode/
> Platinized Titanium Anode synergistically combine the favorable electrochemical features of platinum with the corrosion resistance and other.

##### About Platinized Titanium Anode
1st,Titanium/niobium platinum coated anode for Outstanding Corrosion Prevention
Platinum coated titanium anode

synergistically combine the favorable electrochemical features of platinum(Pt)with the corrosion resistance and other characteristics of titanium. They are anodes normally produced by the electrochemical deposition of a very thin layer of platinum metal or the oxides of platinum onto a titanium substrate. These anodes operate as inert anodes with high durability and are preferred because they remain insoluble in common electrolytes.
Platinumis a precious metal known for its unique favorable attributes, including:
>High resistance to corrosion
>Resistance to oxidation
>High electrical conductivity
>Ability to act as catalyst
>High chemical stability
>Capability to produce an excellent finish
**2ed,Chemical Behavior of Platinum and Titanium**
Platinum is preferred on an anode’s outer surface because it is highly resistant to corrosion and can ensure current flow in most electrolyte media without leading to the formation of an insulating layer on itself. Because it doesn’t corrode, it doesn’t produce corrosion products and hence the consumption rate is very low.
Advantages of platinum-coated titanium anode:
A low consumption rate that conserves precious platinum
Favorable dimensional stability
Corrosion resistance ensures durability with easy maintainability
Light weight, uniform current distribution

**3rd,Advantages of Platinized Titanium Anodes**
Platinum has the advantages of electrochemical inertness, mechanical strength, workability and favorable electrical conductivity. However, it is prohibitively expensive. Development of platinum on titanium materials has opened up the feasibility of using these for anode materials for metal finishing and cathodic protection systems in critical applications.
4th,Service life of platinum-titanium anode

The service life ofplatinum/niobium coated titanium anode depends on the binding force of platinum coating and matrix under the same platinum coating thickness. Generally, the failure of platinum coating anode is not caused by the depletion of platinum coating, but by the poor binding force of platinum coating and matrix, resulting in the loss of platinum coating. Sintered platinum anode is coated with high temperature treatment in production, with uniform coating, low internal stress, no gap and good toughness. Excellent binding force;
**The plating platinum-titanium anode, because it belongs to the cold coating process, the characteristics of the plating process determine that the internal stress of the coating is large, brittle, poor uniformity, high porosity, easy to burst, once the matrix deformation, the coating will fall off.**

## Titanium Anode Basket
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/titanium-anode-basket/
> Titanium anode basket fabricated from titanium sheets and mesh provides easy flow of electrolytes and are available in various shapes and sizes.

Titanium (Ti) Anode Basket

Titanium (Ti) anode basket fabricated from titanium sheets and mesh provides easy flow of electrolytes and are available in various shapes and sizes.
Titanium anode basket are widely used in electroplating plants, acid zinc plants, acid copper plants and electro polishing plants etc.
The titanium andoe basket is made of high quality Gr2 industrial pure titanium, with purity of 99.7% and strong corrosion resistance. It is suitable for loading anode materials in various electroplating tanks.
The titanium anode basket consists of a titanium plate and a titanium mesh and the thickness of titanium is between 0.5-2mm.  Titanium basket commonly used mesh 6mm×3mm, 12.5mm×4.5mm, 13mm×7mm.
Adopt precision welding technology, welding joint is tight and firm.
According to customer requirements in titanium blue port anti-theft design.
__Titanium mesh basket

##### Advantages of using Titanium Anode Basket.
**Corrosion resistance
High efficiency---------Low voltage
Current uniformity------Light weigh
Reduce bath pollution---High strength**

We are committed to providing high quality titanium anode baskets. We have a wide range of standard titanium anode baskets and we offer custom designed baskets.
The titanium anode basket is made of industrial pure titanium (Gr1/Gr2) and is extremely durable. All our baskets are spot-welded and TIG welded, argon protected to ensure structural integrity.
They have an excellent finish, with the top, sides and bottom reinforced by sturdy bands and welded hooks to ensure good electrical conductivity.

## Iridium Tantalum Coated Titanium Anodes
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/iridium-tantalum-coated-titanium-anodes/
> our iridium tantalum coated titanium anodes are insoluble titanium-based anodes with an iridium tantalum oxide coating.

#### Iridium Tantalum Coated Titanium Anodes

As a type of dimensionally stable anode (DSA), our iridium tantalum coated titanium anodes are insoluble titanium-based anodes with an iridium tantalum oxide coating. Owing to their light weight, good temperature resistance and high mechanical strength, the iridium tantalum coated titanium anodes are highly regarded as the most economic and practical choice for use in an inorganic electrolyte such as sulfuric and nitric acids.

** Iridium tantalum coated titanium anodes can be fabricated in forms such as perforated plate, sheet, mesh, rod, wire or basket.**

Our offers a wide range of long-lasting iridium tantalum coated titanium anodes with excellent durability, stable operational performance, remarkable energy efficiency and minimum plant downtime.

**MMore than Twenty years of MMO-coated titanium anode manufacturing experience.**Ir Ta titanium anodes are widely used in copper foil production, printed circuit board manufacturing, etching solution regeneration, electrolytic organic synthesis, persulfate electrolysis, hospital sewage treatment, wastewater treatment, hydrometallurgy, industrial electroplating (Ag, Au, Rh, Cu, Zn, Ni, Sn, Cr) and many other electrochemical processes in which oxygen evolution is known to be the key anodic reaction.

## Electrolytic copper foil titanium anode
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/electrolytic-copper-foil-titanium-anode/
> Electrolytic copper foil titanium anode has high catalytic performance, good stability and low load.Multicomponent doping.

##### Electrolytic copper foil titanium anode
[Copper foil titanium anode](https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/electrolytic-copper-foil-for-titanium-andoe/) is an important component in the electrolytic cell, providing a carrier for electron transfer and catalytic oxidation in the electrolytic copper foil manufacturing process, directly determining the efficiency and quality of electrolytic copper foil, and is widely used in the electrolytic copper foil production field. Our adopts the design idea of multi-layer, gradient, nano coating and plasma treatment process to produce copper foil anodes with high conductivity, long life and low cost.
**The stability, catalytic activity and load capacity of copper foil electrolytic titanium anodes depend on:**
Multicomponent doping
Multilayer gradient recombination
High uniformity
The copper foil anode is a back-drawn anode plate or embedded anode. Under the action of electric field, the catalytic oxidation reaction occurs on the surface of the copper foil anode and releases the electrons required for the reduction of copper ions, and the catalytic activity and uniformity of the copper foil anode directly affect the performance of the copper foil.
Electrolytic copper foil titanium anode has high catalytic performance, good stability and low load.
Electrolytic copper foil industry uses arc structure electrolytic cell, by electrolyzing copper sulfate solution to produce copper foil, in the diameter of 2-3 meters titanium cathode roller plated copper, peel the copper foil at one end of the drum; The distance between the anode and the cathode roll is as small as 5mm, but it is necessary to ensure that the thin copper foil of uniform thickness is deposited on the smooth cathode roll. Due to the strict requirements of product quality and performance, the stability of electrolytic conditions in production is strictly required, and the anode should carry a great current. Precious metal coated titanium electricity has the advantages of light weight, long service life, high current power supply, stable operation, no environmental pollution, etc., and has been widely used in the world. The titanium anode for electrolytic copper foil produced by us has low oxygen evolution potential, oxide grain reaches nanometer level, uniform and stable discharge, and good quality of raw foil.

## Platinum Coated Electrodes
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/platinum-coated-electrodes/
> Platinized titanium anodes are manufactured with a titanium base structure, in the form of either plate, rod, wire, mesh or tube.
__Platinum titanium anode
__Platinum Coated Titanium Mesh
__Platinum coated titanium anode
__Platinum coated titanium anode

##### Platinum Coated Electrodes

Platinum due to its high conductivity and low consumption, platinum is an anode material. However, taken in to account its high cost, the use of platinum alone is not common. By cladding or electroplating a thin platinum layer on a low-cost substrate, platinum use becomes a more practical solution. In addition, this can also be used to extend the effective anode surface area. For this to function the substrate material must also have the ability to form an insulating oxide film under anodic conditions. The two most commonly used substrates in this case are titanium and niobium.

Platinized titanium anodes are manufactured with a titanium base structure, in the form of either plate, rod, wire, mesh or tube (or any shape as per request).

The electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance of niobium are superior to titanium as is the breakdown potential, which is much higher than that of titanium. However, niobium is more expensive. Titanium oxide has been reported to fail by breakdown at anodic potentials in the 10V range, while niobium films can withstand a breakdown voltage of up to 80V.

**More than Twenty years of MMO-coated titanium anode manufacturing experience.**Titanium/Niobium-based platinum plated anode process, using electroplating or brush plating process,the appearance is bright silver white, with the characteristics of large anode discharge current density and long service life. Titanium based platinum plated anode process, using electroplating or brush plating process,the appearance is bright silver white, with the characteristics of large anode discharge current density and long service life.
__Platinum-coated titanium anode plate
__Platinum coated titanium anode

#### Platinum coated titanium anode processing process

**The processing process of platinum-coated titanium anode typically involves the following steps:**

- Surface Preparation: The titanium substrate is thoroughly cleaned to remove any impurities, oxides, or contaminants from its surface. This is usually done through mechanical grinding, polishing, and chemical etching.
Activation: The cleaned titanium surface is activated to enhance its adhesion with the platinum coating. This may involve treating the surface with specific chemicals or electrochemical processes.
Coating Application: Platinum is deposited onto the activated titanium surface. Common methods for coating application include electroplating, thermal spraying, or physical vapor deposition (PVD).
Annealing: After the coating is applied, the anode may undergo annealing at a controlled temperature to improve the coating's microstructure and adhesion.
Quality Control and Testing: The platinum-coated titanium anode is inspected for coating uniformity, thickness, and adhesion. Electrical conductivity and electrochemical performance tests are also conducted to ensure its quality and functionality.

It's important to note that the specific details and parameters of each step can vary depending on the requirements of the application and the equipment and techniques available.

#### How to ensure the quality and performance of platinum coated titanium anode?

- Substrate Preparation: Ensure the titanium substrate is meticulously cleaned and properly pretreated to remove impurities, oxides, and surface contaminants. A smooth and clean surface promotes better adhesion of the platinum coating.
- Coating Method Selection: Choose an appropriate coating technique such as electroplating, physical vapor deposition (PVD), or thermal spraying, based on the specific requirements and characteristics of the application.
- Control of Coating Parameters: During the coating process, precisely control parameters such as coating thickness, current density (in electroplating), temperature, and pressure to achieve a uniform and consistent coating.
- Annealing and Heat Treatment: Post-coating annealing or heat treatment can optimize the microstructure of the coating, improving its mechanical and electrochemical properties.
- Quality Inspection: Implement rigorous quality inspection procedures including visual inspection for coating defects, measurement of coating thickness using techniques like X-ray fluorescence or scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical tests to evaluate the anode's performance.
- Material Purity: Use high-purity platinum and titanium materials to minimize the presence of impurities that could affect the anode's performance and durability.
- Environmental Control: Maintain a controlled environment during the manufacturing process to prevent contamination and ensure consistent results.
- Long-Term Testing: Conduct long-term electrochemical tests under simulated operating conditions to assess the anode's stability and performance over time.
- Supplier Selection: Choose reliable suppliers of materials and equipment to ensure the quality and consistency of the manufacturing process.

## MMO Coated Titanium Anode
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/
> MMO coated titanium anode manufacturer since 2006. Ru-Ir and Ir-Ta coated anodes for chlor-alkali, hypochlorite generators and copper foil production.

## MMO Coated Titanium Anodes

Committed to the development, manufacture and application of electrochemical industrial MMO coated titanium electrode.
View Products**View Products**
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### Products We Can Supply

Multiple patent certificates, twenty years of industry experience.

#### [Titanium Anodes](https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/cat/titanium-anode/)

The titanium anode is made of inert Titanium substrate, coated with mixed precious metal oxide(Ru Ir /Ir Ta).

#### [Titanium Filter Element](https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/cat/titanium-filter-element/)

Titanium filter element is made of titanium powder by cold isostatic pressing and high temperature vacuum sintering.

#### [Electroplating Titanium Hangers](https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/cat/titanium-jigs/)

Titanium hangers offer excellent corrosion resistance, high strength-to-weight ratio, and non-magnetic properties.

#### [Titanium Sintered Plate](https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/cat/titanium-filter-element/)

Titanium sintered porous material is made of spherical high purity titanium powder sintered at high temperature.

### Latest Product

Check out our titanium products shipped.
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09/03/2026
Titanium Electroplating Consumables: DSA Anodes, Baskets, Racks & Coils
08/26/2026
Titanium Electrodes: MMO, DSA, and Platinized Anode Guide
02/06/2026
Electrolytic ballast water treatment
10/07/2025
Titanium Anode for COD Removal
07/03/2025
Mixed metal oxide coating titanium anode
05/23/2025
Chlorine production by electrolysis
05/17/2025
MMO Anodes for Cathodic Protection
03/07/2025
The Application of Titanium Anodes in the Electrochemical Industry
12/06/2024
MMO COATED TITANIUM ANODES
07/25/2024
Classification of coated titanium anode
07/11/2024
Titanium anode plate
07/03/2024
Titanium anode tube for cathodic protection
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### Why Choose Us

Quality is a long-term competitive advantage.

Committed to the development, manufacture and application of electrochemical industrial MMO coated titanium electrode.

- __ We Are Efficient Team
- __ 9 years of experience

- __ Quality Commitment
- __ We Are Always Improving
About us**About us**
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### About Us

To provide customers with high quality products and services

We are engaged in the development, production and sales of noble metal oxide coated titanium anode, titanium porous materials and titanium hangers.
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#### Coated Titanium Anodes

A coated titanium anode is an electrochemical electrode built on a titanium substrate with a thin layer of precious metal oxides, such as ruthenium, iridium, or platinum, applied to its surface. The titanium core delivers strong conductivity and corrosion resistance, while the oxide coating governs the electrode's catalytic activity and service life.

#### Common Types by Coating Composition

- [Ruthenium-based coatings](https://www.ti-electrode.com/ruthenium-iridium-coated-titanium-anodes/) feature a low chlorine evolution potential and are well suited for chlorine-evolving environments such as chlor-alkali production and seawater desalination.
- [Iridium-based coatings](https://www.ti-electrode.com/iridium-tantalum-coated-titanium-anodes/) offer strong stability under oxygen evolution conditions and are the preferred choice for oxygen-evolving applications including electroplating and electrometallurgy.
- [Platinum-based coatings](https://www.ti-electrode.com/about-platinum-coated-titanium-anode/) deliver high catalytic activity and are reserved for demanding, specialized electrolysis scenarios.
__Titanium Electroplating Consumables: DSA Anodes, Baskets, Racks & Coils09/03/2026
__Titanium Electrodes: MMO, DSA, and Platinized Anode Guide08/26/2026
__Electrolytic ballast water treatment02/06/2026
__Titanium Anode for COD Removal10/07/2025
__Mixed metal oxide coating titanium anode07/03/2025
__Chlorine production by electrolysis05/23/2025
__MMO Anodes for Cathodic Protection05/17/2025
__The Application of Titanium Anodes in the Electrochemical Industry03/07/2025
__MMO COATED TITANIUM ANODES12/06/2024
__Classification of coated titanium anode07/25/2024
__Titanium anode plate07/11/2024
__Titanium anode tube for cathodic protection07/03/2024

## R&D
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/research/
> The full name of titanium Anode is titanium oxide coated anode, which is also commonly known as dimensional ally Stable Anode.
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### R & D

Continuously improve the performance of products

We have more than ten years of titanium anode, titanium filter element, titanium material production. It is fully engaged in the cooperation with various universities, professional research institutions and relevant enterprises in this field. have built an information network platform on which helps gather the research resources and necessary organizational functions . Thus an alliance of the closely-related research and development bodies has been created to enhance our anti-risk capability and realize the optimal arrangement with the lowest cost. So the present relationship between our company and our cooperating parties has evolved to a kind of both cooperation and competition. With full confidence, we are poised to improve our R&D capabilities, accelerate the pace of technological progress, and develop a new R&D mode in the near future.

### MMO coating titanium anode application areas

Sodium hypochlorite generator, sodium perchlorate, organic synthesis, metal refining, electrolytic copper foil, sewage treatment, cooling water descaling, continuous plating of steel plates, aluminum foil production, cathodic protection, swimming pool disinfection, HHO generator, etc.

Widely used in chemical industry, metallurgy, water treatment, environmental protection, electroplating, organic synthesis and other fields.
_
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#### About US

Continuously improve the performance of products

Our company is specialized in the research, development, production and sales of mixed metal oxide (MMO) coated titanium anodes and non-ferrous metals such as titanium and titanium alloys. The company was founded in 2006, registered capital of five million yuan, located in China - Titanium Valley.
Read More**Read More**

## Product
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/mmo-anodes/
> Engaged in coated titanium anode, titanium filter and other titanium products manufacturing for twenty years.

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Ru Ir Tianium Anode, Titanium anode
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Models and designs TITANIUM ANODE

MMO coated titanium anode can be machined in shapes: plate, mesh, wire, rod, tube. Sizes range from a few square millimeters to 2 m², and quantities range from 1 to 10,000 units. 
Production and supply of various specifications of titanium anode and cathode for the electrochemical industry.

 

##### Coating types

[Platinized titanium anodes.](https://www.ti-electrode.com/platinum-coated-electrodes/) 
[Titanium anodes coated in ruthenium oxide mixed with other oxides.](https://www.ti-electrode.com/ruthenium-iridium-coated-titanium-anodes/) 
[Titanium anodes coated in iridium oxide mixed with other oxides.](https://www.ti-electrode.com/iridium-tantalum-coated-titanium-anodes/)

## Titanium anode and Applications
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## Blog
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/blog/
> Ru Ir titanium anodes is dimensionally stable anode (DSA), our ruthenium iridium coated titanium anodes are insoluble titanium based anodes.

## FAQ
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/faq/
> MMO (Mixed metal oxides) titanium anode is made of inert Titanium substrate, coated with mixed precious metal oxide.
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## Do you have Questions?
Please read questions bellow and if you can not find your answer, please send us your question, we will answer you as soon as possible.

##### F.A.Qs
__ What are MMO coating Titanium Anode?
__ Titanium anode is commonly used in what industry?
__ What shape does a titanium anode have?
__ Factors affecting the use of titanium anode?
__ What is the manufacturing process of titanium anode?

##### Other Questions
__ Why choose our titanium anodes and other products?
__ What certificates do we have?
__ What kinds of products are available?
__ Minimum starting quantity for product customization?

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## Contact
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/contact/
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Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/services/
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##### Chemical and physical properties of Titanium and titanium alloys
Determines the scope of application of the material

### MMO coating titanium anode application areas
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#### About US

Our company is a scientific and technological enterprise specializing in the research, development, production and sales of mixed metal oxide (MMO) coated titanium anode and non-ferrous metals such as titanium and titanium alloys. The company was founded in 2006 with a registered capital of 5 million yuan, located in China – Titanium Valley.

The company has international trade, production, technology, research and development, quality control and other departments, products are exported to many countries and regions.

## About us
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/the-company/
> Engaged in coated titanium anode, titanium filter and other titanium products manufacturing for twenty years.
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### About US

To provide customers with high quality products and services
Our company is a scientific and technological enterprise specializing in the research, development, production and sales of mixed metal oxide (MMO) coated titanium anode and non-ferrous metals such as titanium and titanium alloys. The company was founded in 2017 with a registered capital of five million yuan, located in China - Titanium Valley.
The company has international trade, production, technology, research and development, quality control and other departments, products are exported to many countries and regions.
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## Titanium anode for electrolyzing water
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/titanium-anode-for-electrolyzing-water/
> Titanium anode for electrolyzed water Titanium anode for water electrolysis, namely titanium-based metal oxide coated electrodes (MMO), titanium has excellent physical and chemical properties such as low density, high strength, and strong

### Titanium anode for electrolyzed water

Titanium anode for water electrolysis, namely titanium-based metal oxide coated electrodes (MMO), titanium has excellent physical and chemical properties such as low density, high strength, and strong corrosion resistance, and can maintain stable structure and performance in harsh electrolytic environments. Coating the surface of the titanium substrate with metal oxide coatings with high catalytic activity, such as IrO₂, RuO₂, etc., endows the titanium anode with good electrocatalytic performance, which can significantly reduce the overpotential of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and improve the efficiency of water electrolysis. In addition, titanium anodes have good dimensional stability, with small changes in polar distance during long-term electrolysis, which can ensure that the electrolysis operation is carried out under a stable cell voltage, thereby effectively reducing energy consumption.

The stability of titanium anode used in water electrolysis within the electrolysis system is of non-negligible significance. Their excellent corrosion resistance and stable electrocatalytic performance can reduce the occurrence of electrode failures, extend the service life of electrolyzers, and provide reliable guarantees for the industrial production of water electrolysis.

#### Working Principle of Titanium Anodes for Water Electrolysis

- **Anodic oxidation reaction and catalytic principle** 
During the process of water electrolysis, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occurring at the titanium anode is a crucial step. In an alkaline medium, hydroxide ions (OH⁻) on the anode surface participate in the reaction, with the specific reaction formula being: 4OH⁻ - 4e⁻ → O₂↑ + 2H₂O. In this process, hydroxide ions lose electrons and are oxidized to form oxygen and water. In an acidic medium, however, the reaction is based on the oxidation of water molecules, with the reaction formula: 2H₂O - 4e⁻ → O₂↑ + 4H⁺. Water molecules lose electrons on the anode surface, generating oxygen and hydrogen ions. 
The precious metal oxide coatings (such as IrO₂) on the surface of titanium anodes play a crucial catalytic role in this reaction. From a microscopic perspective, the IrO₂ coating has a unique crystal structure and electronic properties, with a large number of active sites on its surface. These active sites can interact strongly with reactants (OH⁻ or H₂O), change the reaction path, reduce the activation energy of the reaction, and thus enable the oxygen evolution reaction to proceed at a lower overpotential.
- **Synergistic effect between titanium substrate and coating** 
A titanium anode is a composite structure consisting of a titanium substrate and a surface coating. There is a close synergistic effect between the two, which together determine the performance of the electrode.Commercially pure titanium (Gr1/Gr2) is often used as a base material. Commercially pure titanium has good chemical stability and mechanical properties. In most chemical environments, a dense oxide film (TiO₂) is quickly formed on the titanium surface. This oxide film has excellent chemical stability and can effectively prevent further chemical reactions between the substrate and the electrolyte, thereby protecting the substrate from corrosion. In strongly acidic sulfuric acid solutions or strongly alkaline KOH solutions, this oxide film can exist stably, allowing the titanium substrate to maintain structural integrity even in these extreme environments.
 On the surface of a titanium substrate, the preparation of nanoscale catalytic coatings using the thermal decomposition process involves applying a solution containing metal salts onto the titanium substrate surface, followed by decomposition at high temperatures to convert the metal salts into a metal oxide coating. This method can precisely control the composition and thickness of the coating, resulting in uniform, dense nanoscale coatings.
 A composite structure of "substrate + high-activity coating" is formed between the titanium substrate and the coating. This enables the coating to fully exert its catalytic effect. Moreover, the high electrical conductivity of the coating ensures the uniform distribution of current on the coating surface, avoiding electrode damage caused by local current concentration.

#### Performance advantages of titanium anodes for electrolyzed water

By optimizing the coating design, such as using a gradient coating design (e.g., IrO₂-RuO₂ composite coating), the catalytic activity of titanium anodes can be further improved and energy consumption can be reduced. IrO₂ has good oxygen evolution catalytic activity and can reduce the overpotential of the oxygen evolution reaction; RuO₂ has high electrical conductivity and stability. When compounded with IrO₂, it can form complementary advantages. In such a composite coating, coatings of different compositions play a role in different reaction stages, reducing the activation energy of the oxygen evolution reaction by 10% - 20%.

Titanium anodes, with their excellent performance in water electrolysis technology, have become a key material driving the development of green energy. Their unique corrosion resistance, high catalytic activity, and excellent structural stability enable them to show great application potential in fields such as industrial water electrolysis for hydrogen production, water treatment, and environmental governance, providing effective technical means to solve energy and environmental problems.

In terms of working principles, during the process of electrolyzing water, titanium anodes significantly reduce the overpotential of the oxygen evolution reaction through the catalytic effect of their surface coatings, thereby improving electrolysis efficiency. The synergistic effect between the titanium substrate and the coating ensures the stable operation of the electrode under complex working conditions, enabling efficient electrical energy conversion. In terms of preparation processes, by continuously optimizing the coating material system and innovating preparation technologies—such as developing noble metal-based coating technologies, exploring non-noble metal coatings, adopting gradient structure designs, and enhancing interface bonding—the performance of titanium anodes has been further improved, laying a solid foundation for their wide application.
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## Titanium anodes for electrodeposition extraction of non-ferrous metals
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/titanium-anodes-for-electrodeposition-extraction-of-non-ferrous-metals/
> Titanium anodes for electrodeposition extraction of non-ferrous metals Key applications and performance advantages of titanium anode plate materials with noble metal surface modification in the field of electrodeposition extraction of non-ferrous metals.

### Titanium anodes for electrodeposition extraction of non-ferrous metals

Key applications and performance advantages of titanium anode plate materials with noble metal surface modification in the field of electrodeposition extraction of non-ferrous metals.

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## Titanium anodes for salt chloride generator
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/chloride-generator/
> Titanium anodes for salt chlorine generators _Titanium anodes for salt chloride generator are the main components of salt chlorine generators. driving the efficient and eco-friendly production of chlorine for pool sanitation. Their

### Titanium anodes for salt chlorine generators
_
[Titanium anodes for salt chloride generator](https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/electrolysis-secondary-chlorine-generators/) are the main components of salt chlorine generators. driving the efficient and eco-friendly production of chlorine for pool sanitation. Their unique properties, including corrosion resistance, high efficiency, and compatibility with various catalytic coatings, make them the gold standard in the industry. With ongoing advancements in coating technology, smart monitoring systems, and energy efficiency improvements, titanium anodes are poised to play an even more critical role in shaping the future of sustainable pool maintenance. By understanding and maintaining these critical components, pool owners and operators can ensure optimal system performance, promoting safe, hygienic, and enjoyable aquatic environments for years to come.
Salt chlorine generators have revolutionized pool maintenance by providing an efficient, eco-friendly, and cost-effective alternative to traditional chlorine tablets or liquid chlorine. These generators convert salt dissolved in pool water into chlorine through a process called electrolysis, thereby creating a self-sustaining sanitizing system. At the heart of this process lies the titanium anode, a crucial component that not only catalyzes the electrochemical reaction but also withstands the harsh conditions of the electrolytic cell. This article delves into the intricacies of titanium anodes in salt chlorine generators, exploring their properties, benefits, applications, maintenance, and future prospects.

##### The electrolysis process of the salt chlorine generator

Electrolysis involves passing an electric current through an aqueous solution containing dissolved salt (usually sodium chloride, NaCl). The electrolytic cell comprises two electrodes: the anode (positive electrode) and the cathode (negative electrode). In a salt chlorine generator:

- **Anode:** Made of titanium coated with a mixed metal oxide (MMO) or platinum group metal (PGM) catalyst, the anode facilitates the oxidation reaction. Chloride ions (Cl⁻) migrate towards the anode, where they lose electrons and convert into chlorine gas (Cl₂).
- **Cathode**: Typically made of stainless steel or titanium, the cathode catalyzes the reduction reaction. Here, water molecules (H₂O) gain electrons and split into hydrogen ions (H⁺) and hydroxyl ions (OH⁻). The hydrogen ions combine with electrons to form hydrogen gas (H₂), while hydroxyl ions combine with sodium ions (Na⁺) from the salt solution to produce sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which helps maintain the pool water's pH balance.

##### The advantages of salt chlorine generators

- Extended Lifespan: Titanium's corrosion resistance ensures that the anode remains intact over extended periods, significantly reducing the need for frequent replacement. This contributes to lower maintenance costs and longer system lifespan.
- High Efficiency: The electrocatalytic coating on titanium anodes optimizes the electrochemical reaction, minimizing energy consumption and maximizing chlorine production efficiency.
- Dimensional Stability: Titanium's high modulus of elasticity and low coefficient of thermal expansion prevent warping or deformation, ensuring consistent performance over time.
- Compatibility with Various Coatings: Titanium's inertness allows for the application of various catalytic coatings, such as MMO and PGM, tailored to specific performance requirements and operational conditions.
- Environmental Friendliness: The use of titanium anodes supports sustainable pool maintenance practices by enabling on-site chlorine generation, reducing reliance on packaged chemicals, and minimizing environmental footprint.

#### Applications in Salt Chlorine Generators
Titanium anodes

find widespread application across various types and sizes of salt chlorine generators, serving diverse pool maintenance needs:

##### Residential Pools

For homeowners seeking a low-maintenance, eco-friendly alternative to traditional chlorine sanitation, residential salt chlorine generators equipped with titanium anodes offer an ideal solution. These compact units fit seamlessly into pool pump systems, providing consistent chlorine levels and water quality throughout the swimming season.

##### Commercial Pools

Commercial pools, including hotels, water parks, and fitness centers, require robust, high-capacity salt chlorine generators to maintain large volumes of water. Titanium anodes in these systems ensure reliable operation, even under heavy use and varying water conditions, promoting a safe and hygienic swimming environment.

##### Municipal and Public Facilities

Municipal pools, splash pads, and other public aquatic facilities benefit from the durability and efficiency of titanium anode-equipped salt chlorine generators. These systems help manage water quality across extensive areas, supporting public health and recreational enjoyment.

## Titanium anodes for electrolysis secondary chlorine generators
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/electrolysis-secondary-chlorine-generators/
> Titanium anode assemblies for sodium hypochlorite generators by electrolysis are often used for the sanitary disinfection of water.

#### Electrolysissodium hypochloritegenerator
Sodium hypochlorite generators

are devices that produce sodium hypochlorite solution by electrolyzing brine. They are composed of parts such as water softening devices, salt dissolving devices, filtering devices, proportioning devices, electrolytic electrode assemblies, rectifier power supplies, automatic control systems, storage and dosing devices, and acid pickling devices. The pure sodium hypochlorite solution produced is a strong oxidizing agent, with strong sterilization and bleaching effects, and it is currently one of the most widely used disinfectants. 
The medium-sized split-type fully automatic sodium hypochlorite generator adopts a cabinet-mounted installation method. All electrical components are centrally installed inside a vertical cabinet, and this cabinet is the core part for the control of the entire system.
__Electrolytic titanium chloride electrode
__Electrolytic titanium chloride electrode

Titanium anodes for sodium hypochlorite generators
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Process Flow 
The system generates a low-concentration sodium hypochlorite solution (0.8%) by electrolyzing 2.5 - 3.0% dilute brine. Since the non-diaphragm method is used, all the electrolytic electrodes are immersed in the electrolyte. The chloride ions released on the anode surface are completely absorbed by hydroxide ions. The difference between the concentration and saturation of the formed sodium hypochlorite solution is nearly 20 times (the saturation of sodium hypochlorite can reach 15%), and there will be no chlorine gas released. Therefore, it is used for on-site preparation and has extremely high safety. 
The saturated brine is diluted into 2.8% dilute brine by softened water and then stored in the dilute brine tank. A diaphragm metering pump is used to inject a certain amount of dilute brine into the electrolytic cell. The system conducts online monitoring of the temperature, electrical conductivity, and pressure of the dilute brine before it enters the electrolytic cell, and also performs real-time monitoring of the electrical contacts of the electrolytic cell and the temperature of the liquid discharged from the electrolytic cell (electrolyte - sodium hypochlorite solution). If the temperature deviates from the set value, the equipment will immediately stop running and give an alarm to ensure that the electrolytic cell is not damaged due to dry burning caused by any reasons. 
The storage tank is equipped with a hydrogen exhaust fan and a hydrogen alarm device for dual protection of safety to ensure the safety of the equipment and between different equipment. The hydrogen exhaust fan can create a certain wind pressure inside the storage tank. The hydrogen generated during the electrolysis process in the electrolytic cell is forcibly discharged and diluted by a large amount of air and will not stay inside the storage tank, thus ensuring safety.

## Titanium anode for electrolytic antifouling
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/titanium-anode-for-electrolytic-antifouling/
> Discover the power of titanium anode for effective electrolytic antifouling. Say goodbye to marine growth and protect your boat or equipment.

#### Titanium anode electrolytic seawater antifouling technology

The titanium anode electrolytic seawater antifouling technology is an innovative and effective means of marine antifouling. Its working principle is to utilize the electrolytic reaction of the titanium anode in seawater to produce substances with antifouling effects, thereby preventing the attachment and growth of marine organisms on the surfaces of ships, marine facilities, etc. 
For example, applying this technology to the hull of ships can reduce the attachment of organisms such as barnacles and algae, reduce the resistance of ship navigation, save fuel consumption, and improve navigation efficiency. When used on facilities such as offshore oil platforms, it can extend the service life of the facilities and reduce maintenance costs. 
This technology has the advantages of high efficiency, environmental protection, and durability. Compared with traditional chemical antifouling methods, it has less impact on the marine ecological environment and conforms to the requirements of sustainable development.
__Marine titanium anode
__Electrolytic seawater antifouling titanium anode

Electrolytic seawater antifouling is a method in which seawater is electrolyzed through specially designed electrodes. The chlorine and hypochlorite ions generated are strong oxidants, which are toxic to marine organisms and can kill them, achieving the purpose of preventing the attachment and growth of marine organisms. During the electrolysis of seawater, the following main reactions occur:

##### Anode reaction:

2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e 
40H- → O2 + 2H2O + 4e 
Cathode reaction: 2H2O + 2e → 2OH- + H2 
The products of the anode and cathode are mixed to generate sodium hypochlorite: 
C12 + 2NaOH → NaOCl + NaCl + H2O 
The method of electrolyzing seawater to prevent fouling of seagoing vessels. Seawater contains 3% to 3.5% of salts. When direct current is applied, the seawater undergoes electrolysis, generating chlorine, hypochlorous acid, sodium chlorate, etc. They have a strong killing effect on organisms such as algae and shells attached to the ship's hull. This can be used to keep the ship's hull clean and prevent fouling.

#### Electrolytic Seawater Antifouling Technology

The prevention and removal of marine biological fouling is collectively referred to as electrolytic seawater antifouling. The harms caused by marine biological fouling include reducing the cross-sectional area of seawater supply and circulating water systems, increasing flow resistance, reducing flow rate; increasing the resistance of ships; accelerating the corrosion of metals; causing malfunctions of instruments and rotating mechanisms in the sea, etc. There are many methods to prevent marine biological fouling. Among them, the most widely used are the antifouling coating method and the seawater electrolysis method. The seawater electrolysis method has developed rapidly and been widely used due to its safety, economy, convenient management and no pollution to the environment.Seawater electrolysis antifouling adopts coated titanium anode to electrolyze seawater under the condition of no diaphragm to produce available chlorine (HClO), and utilizes the strong oxidizing property of available chlorine to kill the larvae or spores of marine fouling organisms, thereby achieving the purpose of preventing fouling. 
The reaction formula of seawater electrolysis is: Main reaction 
**Anode:** 
2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e 
Cathode: 2H2O + 2e → H2+ 2OH- 
Solution: Cl2 + H2O → HClO + Cl- + H+ 
HClO → H+ + ClO- 
**Side reaction** 
Anode: 6ClO-+ 3H2O → 2ClO3- + 4Cl- + 6H+ + 3/2O2 + 6e 
2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e 
Cathode: ClO- + H2O + 2e → Cl- + 2OH- 
Solution: HClO + ClO- → ClO3- + 2Cl- + 2H+ 
2ClO- → H2O + Cl- 
H2 + ClO- → H2O + Cl- 
Other reactions 
Mg2+ + 2OH- → Mg(OH)2 
Ca2+ + 2OH- → Ca(OH)2 
To ensure the safe, continuous and efficient operation of the electrolytic antifouling device, it is necessary to suppress the side reactions that consume HClO needlessly, pay attention to hydrogen exhaust, and remove calcium and magnesium salt deposits by acid washing at a certain cycle.In ship transportation, there are currently devices that adopt seawater electrolysis technology for ship antifouling. There are also technologies such as electrolytic chlorine-copper and electrolytic copper-aluminum for antifouling. The available chlorine generated by seawater electrolysis technology and copper ions work together to prevent the attachment of fouling organisms. In recent years, there has also emerged a combination of seawater electrolysis technology and antifouling coating technology. A layer of insulating coating is applied to the outer layer of the ship, followed by a conductive coating. The conductive coating is used as the anode to electrolyze seawater and generate available chlorine to achieve the purpose of antifouling. Seawater electrolysis technology has a broader application prospect due to its characteristics of safety, environmental protection, economy, applicability, and ease of operation and management.

## Titanium Jigs for Anodizing
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/jigs-for-anodizing/
> Learn about the importance of titanium jigs for anodizing and how they contribute to achieving a uniform and consistent anodic oxide film.
__Titanium Anodizing Rack
__anodizing
__Anodizing jig

#### What is the main role of titanium fixture in the anodizing process?

**The main roles of titanium fixtures in the anodizing process are as follows:**

- They provide a stable fixation and support for the workpiece. This ensures that the workpiece remains in a precise position within the electrolytic bath, preventing movement or deformation during the process, which is crucial for achieving a uniform and consistent anodic oxide film.
Titanium fixtures offer excellent electrical conductivity. This enables a uniform distribution of electric current over the surface of the workpiece, facilitating a homogeneous anodizing reaction.
They prevent short circuits. By keeping the workpiece from direct contact with other parts of the electrolytic bath, the risk of short circuits is significantly reduced, ensuring the normal operation of the electrolysis process.
They enhance production efficiency. With a well-designed titanium fixture, multiple workpieces can be processed simultaneously during anodizing, thereby increasing productivity.
They contribute to reducing the defect rate. By maintaining stable process conditions, the occurrence of quality issues with the anodic oxide film due to improper positioning or poor contact of the workpiece is minimized, thus lowering the rate of defective products.
__Titanium hanger
__Titanium Anodizing Rack

#### What is Titanium Jigs for Anodizing

[Titanium Jigs for Anodizing](https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/jigs-for-anodizing/), refers to the titanium-made fixtures specifically designed and used in the process of anodizing. These jigs play essential roles in holding and positioning the items undergoing anodization, ensuring a stable and controlled environment for the electrochemical reaction to take place and helping achieve uniform and high-quality anodic oxide coatings on the surfaces of the objects.

#### How to choose the right Titanium Jigs for Anodizing?

**When choosing the right Titanium Jigs for Anodizing, several factors need to be considered:**

- **Workpiece size and shape:** The jigs should be appropriately sized and shaped to securely hold and position the specific workpieces. They need to provide good contact and support to prevent any movement during the anodizing process.
- **Current distribution:** The design of the jigs should ensure even current distribution across the workpiece surface to obtain a uniform anodic oxide layer.
- **Corrosion resistance:** Since they are exposed to the anodizing electrolyte, the titanium jigs themselves need to have excellent corrosion resistance to withstand the chemical environment and have a long service life.
- **Ease of loading and unloading:** The jigs should be designed for easy and quick loading and unloading of the workpieces to improve efficiency in the production process.
- **Compatibility with the anodizing system:** They should be compatible with the equipment and setup of the anodizing system to ensure seamless integration and proper functioning.
- **Cost:** While quality is important, the cost of the jigs also needs to be taken into account to ensure it fits within the budget of the anodizing operation.

Evaluating these factors carefully will help in selecting the most suitable Titanium Jigs for Anodizing, resulting in efficient and high-quality anodizing processes.

## Titanium anode for salt chlorine generators
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/salt-chlorine-generator/
> Discover the benefits of using titanium anodes for salt chlorine generators to improve the efficiency and lifespan of your pool system.

#### What is a salt chlorine generator?

Chlorinator uses salt to produce hydrochloric acid and sodium hypochlorite by electrolysis, which is used for cleaning and disinfecting swimming pools and preventing bacteria and algae.

The chlorine generator generates hydrochloric acid and sodium hypochlorite by means of table salt (salt) and electrolysis. These ingredients are mainly used to clean and disinfect swimming pools, while preventing the growth of bacteria and algae in brine pools. 
It is important to note that the chlorine generator produces chlorine only when the swimming pool circulation system is running. After the pool owner adds a large amount of salt to the pool water, as the pool water circulates through the chlorine generator, the dissolved salt is converted into usable chlorine. Typically, this process takes about 4 to 12 hours to produce enough chlorine to disinfect the pool.
__Titanium anodes for salt chlorine generators
__Electrolytic chlorine production

#### Make sure the chlorine levels in the pool are safe

1.**Use a chlorine test kit:** Periodically use a specialized test kit to test the chlorine level in pool water to ensure it is within the appropriate range. 
Follow the instructions of the chlorine generator: strictly follow the operating requirements of the chlorine generator, and reasonably control the amount of salt added and the electrolytic time. 
2.**Adjust according to the size and use of the pool:** consider the volume of the pool, the flow of people and other factors, and adjust the amount of chlorine added accordingly. 
3.**Keep the circulation system running properly:** Keep the pool water circulating so that the chlorine is evenly distributed and functioning. 
Monitor other water quality indicators: Pay attention to other water quality indicators such as pH value and alkalinity, because they will affect the effect and safety of chlorine, and ensure the overall water quality balance. 
4.**Pay attention to weather and environmental factors:** for example, high temperature and strong sunlight may accelerate the volatilization of chlorine, and adjust the amount appropriately. 
5.**Clean the pool regularly:** Reduce contaminants, which can reduce chlorine consumption and better maintain a stable chlorine level.

## Titanium anode for descaling circulating water in cooling towers
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/circulating-water-descaling/
> Discover how a titanium anode can effectively descale circulating water in cooling towers, improving efficiency and reducing maintenance costs.

#### Electrochemical circulating water descaling

The electrolytic descaling equipment crystallizes Ca2+ and Mg2+ plasma in the circulating water at the cathode by electrolysis without adding chemical agents, thereby reducing the hardness of the water.
Electrolytic descaling is loaded with direct current through the electrolytic cell device. The heavy metal ions (including scale) in the water will be attached to the surface of the negative electrode in the electrolytic tank of the electrolytic scaling system, and the scale attached to the negative electrode will be removed mechanically on a regular basis, and the water will be discharged outside the circulating water system together with drainage.

During electrolysis, a certain concentration of hydroxide ions and carbonate ions are produced in the cathode region, which promotes the combination of calcium and magnesium ions in water with hydroxide ions and carbonate to form calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate, and a large number of them adhere to the cathode shell to form a certain thickness of scale. Because the cathode produces a certain amount of hydrogen, the shell scale is basically loose and soft scale. Therefore, it can be cleaned with a physical scraper and high pressure water rinse.
__Circulating water titanium cathode scale
__Circulating water titanium cathode scale

#### Application of electrochemical descaling in cooling tower

At the same time, in the reaction area near the anode, chlorine ions lose electrons and transform into free chlorine under the action of electric field, accompanied by the production of trace ozone and hydroxyl radical, which play a good bactericidal and algal killing effect.
At the same time that the scale is continuously removed by the electrochemical water treatment system in advance, the hypochlorite, ozone, hydroxide ions generated in the electrical process have the bactericidal and algal killing effect and do not bring the risk of corrosion. The suspended matter (SS) in the cooling circulating water alternately passes through the strong acidic environment and the strong alkaline environment in the reaction chamber of the electrochemical water treatment system, the surface charge is destroyed and unstable, and then deposited to the bottom of the reaction chamber, which is discharged in the process of scaling and washing, so as to reduce the role of suspended matter in the system.
By the same principle, duckweed, oil and other organic matter are oxidized and degraded by the strong oxidant produced by the anode when they are near the anode in the reaction chamber of the electrochemical water treatment system, so as to achieve sterilization and algal removal.

## Platinum Coated Titanium Mesh
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/platinum-coated-titanium-mesh/
> Platinum titanium anode, platinum layer and titanium mesh firmly combined, stable performance, often used in precious metal plating.
__Platinum Coated Titanium Mesh
__Platinum coated titanium anode
__Platinum coated titanium anode

##### Platinum Coated Titanium Mesh

1.The design of the metal matrix structure ensures a more uniform distribution of the anode current density. 
2.The platinum titanium anode is electrically stable/electrically conductive. 
3.Platinum coating titanium mesh has good corrosion resistance. 
4.Titanium structure light weight, easy to install and transfer. 
5.Platinum has a higher oxygen evolution overpotential than MMO. 
6.Platinum thickness from 0.5 ~ 5 microns, 1 ~2.5 microns is most suitable.
_

#### Full Description

##### [Platinum Coated titanium mesh](https://www.ti-electrode.com/about-platinum-coated-titanium-anode/)

Base metal: Gr1,Gr2,TA1,TA2 
Working current range: < 5000A/㎡ 
Fluoride ion concentration: < 500mg/L 
Temperature range: < 80℃ 
Coated metal: Pt 
Precious metal content: ≥15g/㎡ 
Electrode form: plate/tube/net/rod 
PH value: 1-12

#### appearance

Reticulate or lamellar, silvery white, metallic luster.
Technical indicators:

1). Platinum layer thickness :1um-5um 
2). Life: gold-plated tank life of more than three years, for the first domestic counterparts.

**Technical features:** 
It is an insoluble anode, platinum coating and titanium base low bond firmly, stable performance, can replace pure gold, pure platinum anode, used in gold and other precious metals plating tank.

## Sintered titanium filter disc
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/sintered-titanium-filter-discs/
> Sinerted titanium product is used as filter in many fields, as pharmaceutical industry, water treatment industry.
__Titanium perforated plate discs
__sintered titanium filter discs

## Sintered titanium filter disc

The porous titanium plateis a material with excellent filtering performance, usually manufactured by the metal powder rolling method. Powder rolling is a process in which metal powder is directly rolled into metal. First, the metal powder is rolled into a strip on a powder rolling mill, and then sintered, cold-rolled (or hot-rolled), and annealed to make a dense or porous finished strip.
_

#### Description

Titanium powder sintered filter plate has good permeability, controlled pore size and pore space, stable shape, high filtration accuracy, wear resistance, good mechanical properties, good thermal conductivity, heat resistance, heat dissipation, high corrosion resistance and can be back washed for multiple uses.

#### Features

Properties of porous titanium (sintered titanium): 
1. Uniform structure, narrow pore size distribution, high separation efficiency. 
2. High porosity, low filtration resistance, high penetration efficiency. 
3. High temperature resistance, normally can be sued up to 280 degrees. 
4. Good chemical stability, acid and alkali corrosion, antioxidant properties. 
5. No particle shedding, no secondary pollution to the media, suitable for food hygiene and pharmaceutical GMP requirements. 
6. Good mechanical properties, can be used in suction & pressure filtration. 
7. Low pressure drop, small footprint, large flow. 
8. Good anti-microbial ability. 
9. The overall length of up to 1000 mm without welding. 
10. Can be online regeneration, easy to be cleaned, long life (several times to typically membrane cartridge)

#### Sintered titanium filter disc 
of the Powder Metallurgy Process

## Filtration precision:

0.45μm─50μm 
(0.45 μm, 1 μm, 3 μm, 5 μm, 10 μm, 20 μm, 30 μm, 50 μm) 
Pressure: 0.2Mpa/cm2 
Temperature resistance: 300 ℃(wet) 
Maximum Operating pressure: 0.2Mpa/cm2

## Sintered titanium filter discs Applications

Titanium sintered porous materials are mostly used for filtering materials、electrodes、heat transfer materials、catalyst carrier materials、noise cancelling materials according to their physical and structural properties.

1.Decarburization filtration of pharmaceutical liquids. 
2.Electrolytic gas industry precision filtration, gas distribution. 
3.The medical industry makes biological implants. 
4.Water treatment industry odor sterilization filtration and ozone aeration. 
5.Clarification and filtration in food and beverage processing. 
6.Prefiltration of reverse osmosis system for electronics industry. 
7.Terminal filtration of petroleum products in petrochemical industry and filtration of carbonic alkali liquid in chemical industry. 
8.High pressure air filtration in aerospace industry. 
9.Filtration and recovery of precious metal catalyst in fine chemical industry. 
10.The electrode matrix of a fuel cell.

## Titanium anode rod
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/titanium-anode-rod/
> Powered anode rods are a new generation of anode rod that is much more effective than existing sacrificial magnesium anode rods.
__Titanium anode rod
__Titanium anode rod for water heaters
__Titanium anode rod
__Titanium anode wire
__Titanium anode rod
__Titanium anode rod for water heaters

## Titanium anode rod

Powered anode rods are a new generation of anode rod that is much more effective than existing sacrificial magnesium anode rods. The Corro-Protec Powered Anode Rod is a long-term protection solution that is disrupting the water heater and water treatment industries.
_

#### Description

The titanium anode rod supplies a small amount of current into the water heater, This current completely stops the loss of energy from all metals inside the water heater, effectively stopping and preventing corrosion. 
The same current is used to neutralize bacteria causing smelly water and reduces limescale accumulation as you can read in the following advantages section. 
titanium anode rod doesn’t need any maintenance nor be changed over time.

#### Features

Since the magnesium anode must sacrifice itself to protect the hot water tank, it is important that the anode is large enough to last for several years.

However, since the Corro-Protec anode relies on current to protect the tank instead of sacrificing itself, the rod can be much smaller.

## Powered Anode Rod

##### Titanium anode rod

## Power anode rod, titanium anode rod provides protection against corrosion of electric water heaters and can effectively disinfect well water.

## Titanium anode for sodium hypochlorite generators
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/titanium-anodes-for-sodium-hypochlorite-generators/
> Ru-Ir MMO coated titanium anodes for on-site hypochlorite generation from brine or seawater. 1,000 to 2,000 A/m², 3 to 5 year coating life. Quote within 48 hours.

## Electrolysis sodium hypochlorite generator

Titanium powder sintered plate, is a porous material with a rigid structure made by forming and high temperature, sintering using titanium as raw material.
Electrolysis sodium hypochlorite generator is an effective water treatment equipment, which produces sodium hypochlorite by electrolyzing salt water, and then decomposes to produce hypochlorous acid to achieve the elimination of microorganisms and bacteria.
_

#### Description

Electrolysis sodium hypochlorite generator produces sodium hypochlorite by electrolyzing salt water. In electrolysis, an electric current is passed through salt water, where hydrogen and sodium ions gain electrons at the cathode and anode, respectively, to produce hydrogen and sodium hypochlorite. 
This process requires a stable current and voltage, as well as a suitable brine concentration and temperature. The sodium hypochlorite produced has a good disinfection effect and can be used in water treatment, disinfection and other fields.

#### Electrolysis sodium hypochlorite generator

Sodium hypochlorite is decomposed in water to produce hypochlorous acid, which has strong oxidation. Hypochlorous acid is a broad-spectrum disinfectant that can quickly kill bacteria, viruses, fungi and other microorganisms in water. Due to the strong oxidation of hypochlorous acid, its disinfection effect is better than that of traditional chlorine gas disinfection, and it has stronger bactericidal ability, which can better solve the problem of water pollution.

## Sodium hypochlorite generator Applications

Electrolysis sodium hypochlorite generator is a mature technology, has been widely used in industry, agriculture, medical and other fields. In the industrial field, it can be used to treat cooling water, cleaning equipment, etc. In the field of agriculture, it can be used to control pests and diseases, increase crop yield, etc. In the medical field, it can be used to disinfect medical devices, health care and so on. 
In addition, electrolytic sodium hypochlorite generator can also be used for water treatment and waste gas treatment in the field of environmental protection.

#### Electrolysis sodium hypochlorite

Electrolysis sodium hypochlorite generator adopts advanced control system and automatic instrument, which makes the automation degree of the equipment high. This can not only reduce the cost and error of manual operation, but also improve the operating efficiency and stability of the equipment. At the same time, the control system of the equipment can be remotely monitored and managed in an intelligent way, which is convenient for users to know the operating status and parameters of the equipment at any time.
Contact**Contact**

## Titanium anode for circulating water descaling
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/titanium-anode-for-circulating-water-descaling/
> Discover the benefits of using a titanium anode for circulating water descaling. Learn how electrolysis technology can help remove scale, sterilize, and prevent corrosion in large-scale water systems.

#### Titanium anode for circulating water descaling

The electrolysis technology to treat large-scale circulating water has been applied, and its principles are as follows:
Through the electrochemical reaction in the DC electrolysis process, the effects of descaling, sterilization, algae killing and anticorrosion are achieved. During electrolysis, the cathode undergoes hydrogen evolution reaction to generate hydroxide ions.
_

#### Description

Calcium and magnesium ions in the water precipitate and adhere to the surface of the cathode. 
Then, the cathode is converted into an anode through the conductive electrode, or mechanically scraped to make the surface of the cathode attached. 
The object fell off and was removed. 
When the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions is lower than the equilibrium concentration of the precipitation solution, the calcium carbonate scale on the surface of the pipeline and heat exchanger will continue to dissolve, so as to achieve a complete system descaling.

In the electrolysis reaction, the most important parts, the cathode and the anode, generally use titanium with good corrosion resistance as the base material, and are coated with MMO noble metal oxides. The chlorine evolution and oxygen evolution reactions are generated at the anode, active oxygen, active chlorine, free Substances such as base have strong oxidizing properties and have a strong killing effect on bacteria and algae organisms in the water, thereby preventing the growth of fungi and the adhesion of biological slime.

#### Titanium anode for circulating water descaling Applications

Scaling is a common issue in industrial circulating cooling water system, which leads to the impairment of heat transfer efficiency and the burden of energy consumption. Due to huge amount of water used in industrial circulating cooling water system, controlling scale deposition in the circulating water system can ensure the safe and stable operation of the whole system, efficiently reduce energy consumption and make full use of water resources, and has significant social and economic benefits.

## Titanium anode for electrolytic copper foil
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/titanium-anode-for-electrolytic-copper-foil/
> The quality of electrolytic copper foil varies greatly depending on the raw material, current density, and additives used for electrolysis.

#### Titanium anode for electrolytic copper foil

Electrolytic copper foil is made of copper foil by electrolyzing copper sulfate. Due to the strict requirements of product quality and performance, the stability of electrolytic conditions in production is strictly required, and the anode needs to carry a great current. The precious metal coated titanium electrode has a stable pole spacing and a lower energy consumption. At the same time, the titanium anode has the advantage of repeated use after recoating, and can be reused by recoating after the life of the titanium anode reaches the end. In this way, both in terms of energy consumption and anode cost will be greatly saved.
_

#### Full Description

Application field:

Metal foil, electrolytic copper foil, galvanized steel plate, cathodic protection, electrosynthesis of organic matter, electroplating chromium, etching fluid regeneration and copper recovery, swirl electrolysis, hydrometallurgy, HHO generator, sewage treatment and other industries

#### Features

1. High corrosion resistance.

2. High current efficiency. Oxygen evolution overpotential ≤ 1.5v (relative to calomel electrode).

3. Long working life. High electrocatalytic oxidation activity.

4. After the electrode is inactive, the substrate can be reused.

5. Can carry large current density, high production efficiency.

The electrolysis process is the process of reducing and depositing dissolved copper ions with an electric current to form a thin metal layer like metal foil on the surface of the cathode titanium drum.The quality of electrolytic copper foil varies greatly depending on the raw material, current density, and additives used for electrolysis. The surface roughness value of the electrolytic copper foil also changes. Why is the roughness of the electrolytic copper foil important? The smoothness and roughness of the electrodeposited copper foil surface have a significant effect (conductor loss) on the adhesion to various substrate materials and the current flowing through the copper foil on printed circuit boards.

## Titanium filter element
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/titanium-filter-element/
> Porous titanium filter are designed for applications involving extreme operating conditions and aggressive fluids and gases.

#### Titanium filter

Porous titanium filter  are designed for applications involving extreme operating conditions and aggressive fluids and gases. 
Titanium filter element that can withstand heat, high pressures and repeated cleaning/backwash cycles. Mechanical strength and corrosion resistance are the results of a seamless design.
_

#### Full Description
__Titanium filter
__Titanium filter element
__Titanium filter

Titanum filter are designed for a variety of applications including corrosive liquids and gases, cryogenic fluids, high viscosity solutions, process steam, high temperature liquids and gases and catalyst recovery.Titanium filters are a type of filtration system that utilize titanium as the main material for the filter medium. These filters are designed to remove impurities, contaminants, and particles from liquids or gases, providing clean and purified results. With their unique properties, filters offer several advantages in various industries and applications.

## Titanium powder sintered plate
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/titanium-sintered-plate/
> Titanium powder sintered plate. It is a porous material made of spherical and irregular metal or alloy powders that are mixed, supressed.
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## Titanium powder sintered plate

Titanium powder sintered plate, is a porous material with a rigid structure made by forming and high temperature, sintering using titanium as raw material. 
Titanium powder sintered plate, contains a large number of connected or semi-connected pores, and the size and distribution of the pores and the porosity can be adjusted according to preparation process to meet the actual needs of customers.
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#### Full Description

Titanium powder sintered filter plate has good permeability, controlled pore size and pore space, stable shape, high filtration accuracy, wear resistance, good mechanical properties, good thermal conductivity, heat resistance, heat dissipation, high corrosion resistance and can be back washed for multiple uses.

#### Features

- Uniform aperture size, stable aperture space, high separation efficiency
- Good chemical stability, acid and alkali corrosion resistance, anti-oxidation
- Stable morphology, no particle shedding, in line with food hygiene and pharmaceutical GMP requirements
- Good mechanical properties, low differential pressure and high flow rate
- Strong anti-microbial ability, no interaction with microorganisms

#### Titanium powder sintered plate 
of the Powder Metallurgy Process
Titanium filter plate

uniform pore size, stable pore space, high separation efficiency and high porosity, low filtration resistance and high permeability efficiency. Stable morphological structure, no particle shedding, in line with safety requirements, easy to clean, long service life. Good damping characteristics and impact resistance, can be widely used in industrial and aerospace industry.

## Titanium powder sintered Applications

Titanium powder sintered plate materials are used as filtration materials, electrode materials, heat transfer materials, catalyst carrier materials, and noise reduction materials based on their physical and structural properties. Precise filtration and air distribution in electrolysis gas industry, post-sterilization filtration and ozone aeration in water treatment industry, high-pressure air filtration in aerospace industry.

#### Radioactive particles filtration in the atomic energy industry

It is used in filters to purify liquids and gases by using the characteristics of its uniform aperture size. For example, it is used to purify fuel oil and air in airplanes and automobiles, to filter various liquids and gases in the chemical industry, and to filter radioactive particles in discharged gases in nuclear energy industry.

#### Anode materials in water electrolyzer

Using its chemical properties, the application in electrochemistry, such as in PEM water electrolysis technology, the anode material in the gas diffusion layer mostly uses titanium powder sintered plate. It has excellent electrical conductivity, catalytic antioxidant properties in PEM water electrolyzer, and can meet PEM water electrolysis long life operation requirements. And it has greater advantages of reducing the cost and improving the performance of PEM water electrolyzer.

## Titanium anode basket
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/titanium-anode-basket/
> Titanium anode basket Titanium anode basket fabricated from titanium sheets and mesh provides easy flow of electrolytes and are available in various shapes and sizes. Advantages of using Titanium Anode Basket High

#### Titanium anode basket

Titanium anode basket fabricated from titanium sheets and mesh provides easy flow of electrolytes and are available in various shapes and sizes.

Advantages of using Titanium Anode Basket
High efficiency---------Low voltage
Current uniformity------Light weigh
Reduce bath pollution---High strength
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#### Full Description

Titanium Anode Basket,The use of fabricated [titanium anode baskets](https://www.ti-electrode.com/titanium-anode-basket/) to hold soluble anode balls or chips is common to many electroplating applications. Select baskets manufactured by an experienced and reputable fabricator,thinner sheet stock are likely to result in baskets of poor structural quality and reduced chemical resistance. 
In all cases baskets should be kept full of balls or chips to a level equal to or greater. Continuous operation with anode fill levels below the level of the electrolyte will result in an increased resistance and excessive current draw in the localized area at the solution basket interface.
__Titanium anode basket
__anode basket
__Titanium anode basket
**Titanium basket commonly used mesh** 
6mm×3mm 
12.5mm×4.5mm 
13mm×7mm

Depending on the electrolyte, an insulating layer of insoluble salts may be deposited on the mesh further increasing the resistance, even following anode material replenishment. Insome cases where the cell continues to operate with insufficient anode fill the resistance may increase tothe point exceeding the breakdown voltage of the naturally occurring titanium oxide film, resulting in active corrosion of the mesh. For these reasons the hooks or straps used to suspend the basket from the anode bus bar should be long enough to extend down the mesh four to six inches below the expected Occasionally halide contamination, especially the presence of fluorides has been implicated in rapid and severe cases of basket corrosion. 
Maintaining the basket fill level can minimize or prevent mesh corrosion and ensure uniform current distribution through a single basket and across the anode array.

## Titanium Jigs for electroplating
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/titanium-jigs-for-electroplating/
> In the electroplating production, the titanium jigs for electroplating mainly functions as a conductive, supporting and fixing part.

#### Titanium Jigs for electroplating

In the electroplating production, the titanium jigs for electroplating mainly functions as a conductive, supporting and fixing part, and the titanium jigs for electroplating is connected with the electrode, so that the current is more uniformly transmitted to the part for electroplating.
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#### Full Description

The plated titanium jigs for electroplating should have sufficient mechanical strength and good electrical conductivity; and it requires light weight, small area, sturdy and durable, convenient loading and unloading parts, and proper loading. 
Depending on the shape of the part, the technical requirements of the coating, the plating process and the size of the device, different types of jigs for electroplatings are available. For example, there is a difference between an automatic line and a manual line.
__titanium jigs for electroplating
__titanium jigs for electroplating
__Titanium Jigs for electroplating

In general, the electroplating shop is equipped with a universal titanium jigs for electroplating for various common parts and a special jigs for electroplating designed for only one part. Universal titanium jigs for electroplatings come in many different forms and are suitable for a wide range of processes and parts. Special titanium jigs for electroplatings are divided into two types: one is a special titanium jigs for electroplating designed for large-volume parts production; the other is a special jigs for electroplating designed according to the complex geometry of the part and special process requirements.

## Electrolytic Copper Foil for titanium andoe
Source: https://www.ti-electrode.com/product/electrolytic-copper-foil-for-titanium-andoe/
> The copper foil titanium anode is a back-drawn anode plate or embedded anode. Under the action of electric field.

##### Electrolytic copper foil titanium anode

Innovative multi-element doping, gradient composite, high uniformity nano coating. It breaks through the high catalytic performance, stability and low load performance of titanium anode, and the life of titanium anode for electrolytic copper foil can reach more than 6 months.
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### Description

The copper foil titanium anode is a back-drawn anode plate or embedded anode. Under the action of electric field, the catalytic oxidation reaction occurs on the surface of the copper foil anode and releases the electrons required for the reduction of copper ions, and the catalytic activity and uniformity of the copper foil anode directly affect the performance of the copper foil.
Electrodeposited (ED) copper foil manufacturing
Electrodeposited copper foil has become a hot topic in the recent years due to the energy transition, sustainability, and global supply chain geopolitical issues. Moreover, ED copper foil is a key material in our modern digital world, it is used in all electronic devices from computer and phones to the simplest electronic equipment.
The titanium anode also plays an important role in the copper electrolytic process. In optimizing the manufacturing process, the anode must be shaped to match the structure of the cathode titanium drum. Therefore, a radial anode should theoretically be the best choice. However, considering economic aspects such as cost and maintenance, it can be said that adopting a removable anode is the most suitable anode structure.